法律文本

中华人民共和国民用航空法（2018修正）

Civil Aviation Law of the People's Republic of China (Amended in 2018)

（1995年10月30日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议通过 根据2009年8月27日第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议《关于修改部分法律的决定》第一次修正 根据2015年4月24日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十四次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国计量法〉等五部法律的决定》第二次修正 根据2016年11月7日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国对外贸易法〉等十二部法律的决定》第三次修正 根据2017年11月4日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三十次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国会计法〉等十一部法律的决定》第四次修正 根据2018年12月29日第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国劳动法〉等七部法律的决定》第五次修正）

(Adopted at the 16th Session of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress on October 30, 1995; amended for the first time according to the Decision on Amending Certain Laws passed at the 10th Session of the Standing Committee of the 11th National People's Congress on August 27, 2009; amended for the second time according to the Decision on Revising Five Laws including the Metrology Law of the People's Republic of China passed at the 14th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress on April 24, 2015; amended for the third time according to the Decision on Revising Twelve Laws including the Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China passed at the 24th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress on November 7, 2016; and amended for the fourth time according to the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending Eleven Laws Including the Accounting Law of the People's Republic of China at the 30th Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress on November 4, 2017; and amended for the fifth time according to the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending Seven Laws Including the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China at the 7th Session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress on December 29, 2018)

第一章 总 则

Chapter 1 General Provisions

第一条   为了维护国家的领空主权和民用航空权利，保障民用航空活动安全和有秩序地进行，保护民用航空活动当事人各方的合法权益，促进民用航空事业的发展，制定本法。

Article 1. This Law is formulated in order to safeguard State sovereignty over territorial airspace and civil aviation rights, to ensure that safety and order of civil aviation activities, to protect the legal rights and interests of all parties involved in civil aviation activities and to promote the development of civil aviation operations.

第二条   中华人民共和国的领陆和领水之上的空域为中华人民共和国领空。中华人民共和国对领空享有完全的、排他的主权。

Article 2. The airspace above the territorial land and territorial waters of the People's Republic of China will be the People's Republic of China territorial air. The People's Republic of China enjoys complete and exclusive sovereignty over its territorial airspace.

第三条   国务院民用航空主 管部门对全国民用航空活动实施统一监督管理；根据法律和国务院的决定，在本部门的权限内，发布有关民用航空活动的规定、决定。

Article 3. The State Council department in charge of civil aviation will exercise uniform supervision and administration of civil aviation activities nationwide and will, in accordance with the law and the decisions of the State Council and within the limits of its authority, promulgate regulations and decisions concerning civil aviation activities.

国务院民用航空主管部门设立的地区民用航空管理机构依照国务院民用航空主管部门的授权，监督管理各该地区的民用航空活动。

Regional civil aviation administration office established by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation will supervise and administer civil aviation activities within their respective regions in accordance with the authority delegated by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第四条   国家扶持民用航空事业的发展，鼓励和支持发展民用航空的科学研究和教育事业，提高民用航空科学技术水平。

The State supports the development of civil aviation operations and encourages and supports scientific research and educational undertakings which develop civil aviation, with a view to raising the scientific and technological level of civil aviation.

国家扶持民用航空器制造业的发展，为民用航空活动提供安全、先进、经济、适用的民用航空器。

The State supports the development of civil aircraft manufacturing industry so as to provide safe, advanced, economical and suitable civil aircraft for civil aviation activities.

第二章 民用航空器国籍

Chapter 2 Nationality of Civil Aircraft

第五条   本法所称民用航空器，是指除用于执行军事、海关、警察飞行任务外的航空器。

Article 5. For the purposes of this Law, the term "civil aircraft" refers to aircraft other than those used for flight operations by the army, Customs and the police.

第六条   经中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门依法进行国籍登记的民用航空器，具有中华人民共和国国籍，由国务院民用航空主管部门发给国籍登记证书。

Article 6. Civil aircraft which have completed the nationality registration procedures with the department in charge of civil aviation under the State Council of the People's Republic of China according to the law are considered to have acquired the nationality of the People's Republic of China and will be issued a Certificate of Nationality by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

国务院民用航空主管部门设立中华人民共和国民用航空器国籍登记簿，统一记载民用航空器的国籍登记事项。

A civil aircraft nationality register of the People's Republic of China established by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation will uniformly record all matters relating to the nationality registration of civil aircraft.

第七条   下列民用航空器应当进行中华人民共和国国籍登记：

Article 7 The following civil aircraft shall perform nationality registration of the People's Republic of China:

（一）中华人民共和国国家机构的民用航空器；

1. The civil aircraft of a State organ of the People's Republic of China;

（二）依照中华人民共和国法律设立的企业法人的民用航空器；企业法人的注册资本中有外商出资的，其机构设置、人员组成和中方投资人的出资比例，应当符合行政法规的规定；

2. The civil aircraft of a corporate enterprise set up in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China; if such corporate enterprise has foreign investment in its registered capital, its organizational structure and composition of personnel, and the proportion of contribution of Chinese investor shall conform to the provisions of administrative rules and regulations;

（三）国务院民用航空主管部门准予登记的其他民用航空器。

(III) Other civil aircraft, the registration of which is approved by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

自境外租赁的民用航空器，承租人符合前款规定，该民用航空器的机组人员由承租人配备的，可以申请登记中华人民共和国国籍，但是必须先予注销该民用航空器原国籍登记。

The lessee of a civil aircraft leased from outside Chinese territory may apply for People's Republic of China nationality registration where the lessee complies with the provisions of the preceding paragraph and where the flight crew of the leased aircraft are provided by the lessee. However, the original nationality registration of the leased civil aircraft must first have been cancelled.

第八条   依法取得中华人民共和国国籍的民用航空器，应当标明规定的国籍标志和登记标志。

Article 8 Civil aircraft which have acquired the nationality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the law must display the stipulated nationality and registration symbols.

第九条   民用航空器不得具有双重国籍。未注销外国国籍的民用航空器不得在中华人民共和国申请国籍登记。

Article 9 A civil aircraft shall not possess dual nationality. A civil aircraft which fails to cancel its original foreign nationality is not permitted to apply for nationality registration in the People's Republic of China.

第三章 民用航空器权利

Chapter III Rights of Civil Aircraft

第一节 一般规定

Section 1 General Provisions

第十条   本章规定的对民用航空器的权利，包括对民用航空器构架、发动机、螺旋桨、无线电设备和其他一切为了在民用航空器上使用的，无论安装于其上或者暂时拆离的物品的权利。

Article 10. The rights over civil aircraft referred to in the provisions of this Chapter will include rights in respect of the airframes, engines, screw propellers, radio equipment and all other related parts which are used on a civil aircraft, regardless of whether those parts are affixed to the aircraft or temporarily detached.

第十一条   民用航空器权利人应当就下列权利分别向国务院民用航空主管部门办理权利登记：

Article 11 The person entitled to the rights of a civil aircraft shall register the following rights respectively with the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

（一）民用航空器所有权；

1. The ownership of the civil aircraft;

（二）通过购买行为取得并占有民用航空器的权利；

2. The right for the acquisition and possession of the civil aircraft through an act of purchase;

（三）根据租赁期限为六个月以上的租赁合同占有民用航空器的权利；

(III) The right to possess the civil aircraft in accordance with a lease contract covering a lease term of six months or over;

（四）民用航空器抵押权。

4. Mortgage of the civil aircraft.

第十二条   国务院民用航空主管部门设立民用航空器权利登记簿。同一民用航空器的权利登记事项应当记载于同一权利登记簿中。

Article 12 A register of the rights of civil aircraft shall be maintained by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council. Matters registered concerning the rights of one and the same civil aircraft shall be recorded in the same register of rights.

民用航空器权利登记事项，可以供公众查询、复制或者摘录。

Matters registered concerning the rights of civil aircraft may be made available to the public for inquiry, reproduction or extraction.

第十三条   除民用航空器经依法强制拍卖外，在已经登记的民用航空器权利得到补偿或者民用航空器权利人同意之前，民用航空器的国籍登记或者权利登记不得转移至国外。

Article 13. Except for civil aircraft subject to compulsory auctions in accordance with the law, neither the nationality registration nor the rights registration of a civil aircraft can be transferred outside the country before compensation has been received for the registered rights to the aircraft or before consent is obtained from the holder of the rights to the civil aircraft in question.

第二节 民用航空器所有权和抵押权

Section 2 Ownership and Mortgage of Civil Aircraft

第十四条   民用航空器所有权的取得、转让和消灭，应当向国务院民用航空主管部门登记；未经登记的，不得对抗第三人。

Article 14. The acquisition, assignment or termination of civil aircraft ownership must be registered with the State Council department in charge of civil aviation. Any rights which fail to be registered cannot be used against a third party.

民用航空器所有权的转让，应当签订书面合同。

The transference of the ownership of a civil aircraft shall be made by a contract in writing.

第十五条   国家所有的民用航空器，由国家授予法人经营管理或者使用的，本法有关民用航空器所有人的规定适用于该法人。

Article 15. The provisions of this Law concerning the owner of civil aircraft are applicable to any legal person who runs, manages or uses state-owned civil aircraft with the authorisation of the State.

第十六条   设定民用航空器抵押权，由抵押权人和抵押人共同向国务院民用航空主管部门办理抵押权登记；未经登记的，不得对抗第三人。

Article 16. Establishment of a mortgage over a civil aircraft must be registered with the State Council department in charge of civil aviation jointly by both the mortgagee and mortgagor. A mortgage which fails to be registered cannot be used against a third party.

第十七条   民用航空器抵押权设定后，未经抵押权人同意，抵押人不得将被抵押民用航空器转让他人。

Article 17 Once a mortgage is established on a civil aircraft, the ownership of the mortgaged civil aircraft shall not be transferred without the consent of the mortgagee.

第三节 民用航空器优先权

Section 3 Civil Aircraft Liens

第十八条   民用航空器优先权，是指债权人依照本法第十九条规定，向民用航空器所有人、承租人提出赔偿请求，对产生该赔偿请求的民用航空器具有优先受偿的权利。

Article 18 A civil aircraft lien is the right of the claimant, subject to the provisions of Article 19 of this Law, to take priority in compensation against the owner and lessee of the civil aircraft with respect to the civil aircraft which gave rise to the said claim.

第十九条   下列各项债权具有民用航空器优先权：

Article 19 The following obligatory rights shall be entitled to civil aircraft liens:

（一）援救该民用航空器的报酬；

1. Remuneration for rescuing the civil aircraft;

（二）保管维护该民用航空器的必需费用。

(II) Necessary expenses incurred for the custody of the civil aircraft.

前款规定的各项债权，后发生的先受偿。

Of the claims stipulated above, those which arise last are to be paid first.

第二十条   本法第十九条规定的民用航空器优先权，其债权人应当自援救或者保管维护工作终了之日起三个月内，就其债权向国务院民用航空主管部门登记。

Article 20. A creditor who has the right of priority to a civil aircraft as stipulated in Article 19 of this Law must register his or her claim with the State Council department in charge of civil aviation within three (3) months of the date on which the relevant rescue, storage or maintenance work is concluded.

第二十一条   为了债权人的共同利益，在执行人民法院判决以及拍卖过程中产生的费用，应当从民用航空器拍卖所得价款中先行拨付。

Article 21 For the common interests of creditors, the expenses incurred in enforcing the decision of the People's Court and in the course of auction sale shall be deducted and paid first from the proceeds of the auction sale of the civil aircraft.

第二十二条   民用航空器优先权先于民用航空器抵押权受偿。

Article 22 A civil aircraft lien shall have priority over the mortgage of a civil aircraft.

第二十三条   本法第十九条规定的债权转移的，其民用航空器优先权随之转移。

Article 23 Where a claim as stipulated in Article 19 of this Law is assigned, the right of priority to that civil aircraft will also be assigned accordingly.

第二十四条   民用航空器优先权应当通过人民法院扣押产生优先权的民用航空器行使。

Article 24. Rights to civil aircraft which arose as a result of that civil aircraft being distrained by a people's court will be exercised in priority over other rights of priority.

第二十五条   民用航空器优先权自援救或者保管维护工作终了之日起满三个月时终止；但是，债权人就其债权已经依照本法第二十条规定登记，并具有下列情形之一的除外：

Article 25 A civil aircraft lien shall be terminated at the expiry of three months commencing from the date of the end of rescue or custody; except that the creditor has registered his obligatory rights according to the provisions of Article 20 of this Law and that the case is under one of the following circumstances:

（一）债权人、债务人已经就此项债权的金额达成协议；

1. The creditor and debtor have reached agreement on the amount of the said obligatory rights;

（二）有关此项债权的诉讼已经开始。

(II) The legal action concerning the obligatory rights has started.

民用航空器优先权不因民用航空器所有权的转让而消灭；但是，民用航空器经依法强制拍卖的除外。

A civil aircraft lien shall not be extinguished because of the transference of the ownership of the civil aircraft; except that the civil aircraft was the subject of a forced auction sale in accordance with law.

第四节 民用航空器租赁

Section 4 Lease of Civil Aircraft

第二十六条   民用航空器租赁合同，包括融资租赁合同和其他租赁合同，应当以书面形式订立。

Article 26 Civil aircraft lease contracts, including finance lease contracts and other types of lease contracts, must be made out in written form.

第二十七条   民用航空器的融资租赁，是指出租人按照承租人对供货方和民用航空器的选择，购得民用航空器，出租给承租人使用，由承租人定期交纳租金。

Article 27. A finance lease of a civil aircraft refers to the situation where the lessor purchases the civil aircraft, based on the lessee's choice of supplier and civil aircraft, and then leases the civil aircraft to the lessee who pays rent to the lessor on a regular basis for its use.

第二十八条   融资租赁期间，出租人依法享有民用航空器所有权，承租人依法享有民用航空器的占有、使用、收益权。

Article 28. During the period of a finance lease, the lessor will have legal ownership of the civil aircraft, while the lessee will have the legal right to possess, use and benefit from the civil aircraft.

第二十九条   融资租赁期间，出租人不得干扰承租人依法占有、使用民用航空器；承租人应当适当地保管民用航空器，使之处于原交付时的状态，但是合理损耗和经出租人同意的对民用航空器的改变除外。

Article 29 During the period of a finance lease, the lessor is prohibited from interfering with the legal possession and use of the civil aircraft by the original condition as at the time it was delivered. This will not include reasonable wear and tear of the civil aircraft or changes to the civil aircraft which have been agreed to by the lessor.

第三十条   融资租赁期满，承租人应当将符合本法第二十九条规定状态的民用航空器退还出租人；但是，承租人依照合同行使购买民用航空器的权利或者为继续租赁而占有民用航空器的除外。

Article 30 When the financing lease contract comes to an end, the lessee, unless exercising a right to purchase the civil aircraft or to hold the civil aircraft on lease for a further period in accordance with the contract, shall return the civil aircraft to the lessor in the condition specified in Article 29 of this Law.

第三十一条   民用航空器融资租赁中的供货方，不就同一损害同时对出租人和承租人承担责任。

Article 31. The supplier of a civil aircraft subject to a finance lease will not bear liability concurrently to both the lessor and lessee for the same damage sustained by the civil aircraft.

第三十二条   融资租赁期间，经出租人同意，在不损害第三人利益的情况下，承租人可以转让其对民用航空器的占有权或者租赁合同约定的其他权利。

Article 32. The lessee may, during the period of a finance lease, assign its right to possession of the civil aircraft or other rights stipulated in the lease contract to others. However, this must be done with the consent of the lessor and on the condition that the interests of third parties will not be harmed.

第三十三条   民用航空器的融资租赁和租赁期限为六个月以上的其他租赁，承租人应当就其对民用航空器的占有权向国务院民用航空主管部门办理登记；未经登记的，不得对抗第三人。

Article 33. For finance leases of civil aircraft and other leases of civil aircraft with a lease period of six (6) months or more, the lessee must register its right to possession of the civil aircraft with the State Council department in charge of civil aviation. Those rights to possession of a civil aircraft which are not registered cannot be used against a third party.

第四章 民用航空器适航管理

Chapter 4 Airworthiness Management of Civil Aircraft

第三十四条   设计民用航空器及其发动机、螺旋桨和民用航空器上设备，应当向国务院民用航空主管部门申请领取型号合格证书。经审查合格的，发给型号合格证书。

Article 34 Application shall be filed with the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council for type certificate for the design of civil aircraft and its engines, propellers and on-board equipment. A type certificate shall be issued accordingly if found qualified.

第三十五条   生产、维修民用航空器及其发动机、螺旋桨和民用航空器上设备，应当向国务院民用航空主管部门申请领取生产许可证书、维修许可证书。经审查合格的，发给相应的证书。

Article 35 Application shall be filed with the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council for production certificate and maintenance certificate for the production and maintenance of civil aircraft and its engines, propellers and on-board equipment. Permits shall be issued to successful applicants.

第三十六条   外国制造人生产的任何型号的民用航空器及其发动机、螺旋桨和民用航空器上设备，首次进口中国的，该外国制造人应当向国务院民用航空主管部门申请领取型号认可证书。经审查合格的，发给型号认可证书。

Article 36 Where a civil aircraft and its engines, propellers and on-board equipment produced by a foreign manufacturer are imported into China for the first time, such foreign manufacturer shall file an application with the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council for type validation certificate. A type validation certificate shall be issued if found qualified through examination.

已取得外国颁发的型号合格证书的民用航空器及其发动机、螺旋桨和民用航空器上设备，首次在中国境内生产的，该型号合格证书的持有人应当向国务院民用航空主管部门申请领取型号认可证书。经审查合格的，发给型号认可证书。

Where a model qualification certificate from a foreign country has been obtained in respect of civil aircraft, including the engines, screw propellers and apparatus used in the civil aircraft, which are to be manufactured within the territory of China for the first time, the holder of this certificate must apply to the State Council department in charge of civil aviation for a model ratification certificate. A type validation certificate shall be issued if found qualified through examination.

第三十七条   具有中华人民共和国国籍的民用航空器，应当持有国务院民用航空主管部门颁发的适航证书，方可飞行。

Article 37. Civil aircraft which have acquired the nationality of the People's Republic of China must obtain an airworthiness certificate issued by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation before commencing flight.

出口民用航空器及其发动机、螺旋桨和民用航空器上设备，制造人应当向国务院民用航空主管部门申请领取出口适航证书。经审查合格的，发给出口适航证书。

Application shall be filed with the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council by the manufacturer for export airworthiness certificate with respect to the export of civil aircraft and its engines, propellers and on-board equipment. An export airworthiness certificate shall be issued if found qualified through examination.

租用的外国民用航空器，应当经国务院民用航空主管部门对其原国籍登记国发给的适航证书审查认可或者另发适航证书，方可飞行。

A leased foreign civil aircraft must have its airworthiness certificate which was issued by its country of nationality examined and ratified by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation before commencing flight.

民用航空器适航管理规定，由国务院制定。

The regulations for the airworthiness of civil aircraft shall be formulated by the State Council.

第三十八条   民用航空器的所有人或者承租人应当按照适航证书规定的使用范围使用民用航空器，做好民用航空器的维修保养工作，保证民用航空器处于适航状态。

Article 38 The owner and lessee of a civil aircraft shall use the aircraft in accordance with the scope of use prescribed in airworthiness certificate, conscientiously carry out the maintenance of the aircraft and ensure its airworthy condition.

第五章 航 空 人 员

Chapter 5 Air Crew

第一节 一般规定

Section 1 General Provisions

第三十九条   本法所称航空人员，是指下列从事民用航空活动的空勤人员和地面人员：

Article 39 For the purposes of this Law, aviation personnel refers to the following air crew and ground crew engaged in civil aviation activities:

（一）空勤人员，包括驾驶员、飞行机械人员、乘务员；

1. Flight personnel, including pilots, flight engineers, and cabin attendants;

（二）地面人员，包括民用航空器维修人员、空中交通管制员、飞行签派员、航空电台通信员。

(II) Ground personnel, including civil aircraft maintenance personnel, air traffic controllers, flight dispatchers and aeronautical radio station operators.

第四十条   航空人员应当接受专门训练，经考核合格，取得国务院民用航空主管部门颁发的执照，方可担任其执照载明的工作。

Article 40. Aviation personnel must first receive professional training, pass a qualifying examination and obtain a licence from the State Council department in charge of civil aviation before they may undertake any work which is specified in their licences.

空勤人员和空中交通管制员在取得执照前，还应当接受国务院民用航空主管部门认可的体格检查单位的检查，并取得国务院民用航空主管部门颁发的体格检查合格证书。

Before obtaining a licence, air crew and air traffic controllers are also required to undergo physical check-ups conducted by physical examination units approved by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation and obtain a certificate of physical fitness issued by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第四十一条   空勤人员在执行飞行任务时，应当随身携带执照和体格检查合格证书，并接受国务院民用航空主管部门的查验。

Article 41. When performing flight tasks, the air crew are required to carry with them their licence and the certificate of physical fitness and must be subject to inspections from the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第四十二条   航空人员应当接受国务院民用航空主管部门定期或者不定期的检查和考核；经检查、考核合格的，方可继续担任其执照载明的工作。

Article 42 Aviation personnel will undergo regular or random inspections and assessment tests conducted by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation. Only those found to qualify upon inspection and assessment may continue to carry out the work specified in their work licences.

空勤人员还应当参加定期的紧急程序训练。

Air crew are also required to participate in regular emergency procedure training.

空勤人员间断飞行的时间超过国务院民用航空主管部门规定时限的，应当经过检查和考核；乘务员以外的空勤人员还应当经过带飞。经检查、考核、带飞合格的，方可继续担任其执照载明的工作。

Air crew personnel who resume flying after a period of absence which exceeds the time limit set by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation must be subject to inspection and assessment; Air crew personnel other than flight attendants who resume flying after a period of absence which exceeds the time limit set by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation must also undergo supervised flight. Only those qualified by inspection, assessment and instruction flight may continue to perform the work specified in their licenses.

第二节 机组

Section 2 Unit

第四十三条   民用航空器机组由机长和其他空勤人员组成。机长应当由具有独立驾驶该型号民用航空器的技术和经验的驾驶员担任。

Article 43 The flight crew of a civil aircraft is composed of the pilot-in-command and other flight personnel. The position of captain of a civil aircraft must be held by a pilot who has the skills and experience to fly that model civil aircraft unaccompanied.

机组的组成和人员数额，应当符合国务院民用航空主管部门的规定。

The composition of a crew and the number of its members shall conform to the regulations of the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

第四十四条   民用航空器的操作由机长负责，机长应当严格履行职责，保护民用航空器及其所载人员和财产的安全。

Article 44 The pilot-in-command is responsible for the operation of the civil aircraft, and shall strictly perform his duties to protect the safety of the civil aircraft and persons and property carried therein.

机长在其职权范围内发布的命令，民用航空器所载人员都应当执行。

The pilot-in-command issues orders within the scope of his functions and powers, and the orders shall be implemented by the persons carried by the civil aircraft.

第四十五条   飞行前，机长应当对民用航空器实施必要的检查；未经检查，不得起飞。

Article 45 The pilot-in-command shall carry out necessary inspection of the civil aircraft before flight; no civil aircraft shall takeoff unless inspected.

机长发现民用航空器、机场、气象条件等不符合规定，不能保证飞行安全的，有权拒绝起飞。

The captain has the authority to refuse take off if it is discovered that the civil aircraft, airport or meteorological conditions do not comply with stipulations and flight safety cannot be ensured.

第四十六条   飞行中，对于任何破坏民用航空器、扰乱民用航空器内秩序、危害民用航空器所载人员或者财产安全以及其他危及飞行安全的行为，在保证安全的前提下，机长有权采取必要的适当措施。

Article 46. During flight, the captain has the authority to adopt necessary and appropriate measures for the sake of ensuring safety, in respect of any activities which would damage the civil aircraft, create disturbances inside the civil aircraft, endanger the safety of personnel and property on board or pose a danger to flight safety.

飞行中，遇到特殊情况时，为保证民用航空器及其所载人员的安全，机长有权对民用航空器作出处置。

During flight, the captain has the authority, under special circumstances, to deal with the civil aircraft so as to ensure the safety of the civil aircraft and persons on board.

第四十七条   机长发现机组人员不适宜执行飞行任务的，为保证飞行安全，有权提出调整。

Article 47 The pilot-in-command has the right to ask for a change of crew member (s) in order to ensure flight safety if he discovers that the crew member (s) are not suitable for performing the flight mission.

第四十八条   民用航空器遇险时，机长有权采取一切必要措施，并指挥机组人员和航空器上其他人员采取抢救措施。在必须撤离遇险民用航空器的紧急情况下，机长必须采取措施，首先组织旅客安全离开民用航空器；未经机长允许，机组人员不得擅自离开民用航空器；机长应当最后离开民用航空器。

Article 48 Where a civil aircraft is in distress, its captain has the authority to adopt all necessary measures and to command the flight crew and other persons on board the aircraft to adopt rescue procedures. In an emergency situation where all persons on board must abandon the civil aircraft in distress, the captain must adopt measures to first organise passengers to leave the civil aircraft safely. No member of the flight crew is permitted to leave the civil aircraft without the permission of the captain. The captain must leave the civil aircraft last.

第四十九条   民用航空器发生事故，机长应当直接或者通过空中交通管制单位，如实将事故情况及时报告国务院民用航空主管部门。

Article 49. Where a civil aircraft is involved in an accident, the captain of the civil aircraft must directly, or through the air traffic control unit, report accurate details of the accident to the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第五十条   机长收到船舶或者其他航空器的遇险信号，或者发现遇险的船舶、航空器及其人员，应当将遇险情况及时报告就近的空中交通管制单位并给予可能的合理的援助。

Article 50. Where a captain receives distress signals from a vessel or other aircraft, or discovers a vessel, aircraft or people in distress, the captain must promptly report the details of the accident to the nearest air traffic control unit and meanwhile render all reasonable assistance to those in distress.

第五十一条   飞行中，机长因故不能履行职务的，由仅次于机长职务的驾驶员代理机长；在下一个经停地起飞前，民用航空器所有人或者承租人应当指派新机长接任。

Article 51. If, for some reason, the captain is unable to carry out his or her duties during flight the pilot who holds the post second in command to the captain will become the acting captain. A new captain will be appointed by the owner or the lessee of the civil aircraft before the aircraft takes off from its next stop en route.

第五十二条   只有一名驾驶员，不需配备其他空勤人员的民用航空器，本节对机长的规定，适用于该驾驶员。

Article 52 In the case of a civil aircraft with only one pilot and without the need to have other flight personnel, the provisions of this Section concerning the pilot-in-command shall be applicable to such pilot.

第六章 民用机场

Chapter 6 Civil Airports

第五十三条   本法所称民用机场，是指专供民用航空器起飞、降落、滑行、停放以及进行其他活动使用的划定区域，包括附属的建筑物、装置和设施。

Article 53. For the purposes of this Law, civil airports refer to the areas specified for the take-off, landing, taxiing, standing and other activities of civil aircraft, and also include auxiliary buildings, installations and facilities.

本法所称民用机场不包括临时机场。

The civil airport referred to in this Law does not include temporary airfield.

军民合用机场由国务院、中央军事委员会另行制定管理办法。

The State Council and the Central Military Commission shall separately formulate the measures for the management of airports used by both military and civil air operations.

第五十四条   民用机场的建设和使用应当统筹安排、合理布局，提高机场的使用效率。

Article 54. So that the utilisation rate of airports will be increased, there will be overall planning and rational allocation of the construction and use of civil airports.

全国民用机场的布局和建设规划，由国务院民用航空主管部门会同国务院其他有关部门制定，并按照国家规定的程序，经批准后组织实施。

The plan of distribution and construction of civil airports in the whole country shall be formulated jointly by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council and other departments concerned under the State Council, and shall be implemented after being approved in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the State.

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府应当根据全国民用机场的布局和建设规划，制定本行政区域内的民用机场建设规划，并按照国家规定的程序报经批准后，将其纳入本级国民经济和社会发展规划。

People's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and directly administered municipalities will, in line with the comprehensive plans for the distribution and construction of national civil airports, formulate their own plans for the construction of civil airports within their own administrative regions. These plans will be incorporated in the national economic and social development program of that province, autonomous region or directly administered municipality after being approved in accordance with the stipulated procedures of the State.

第五十五条   民用机场建设规划应当与城市建设规划相协调。

Article 55 The civil airport construction plan shall be coordinated with city construction planning.

第五十六条   新建、改建和扩建民用机场，应当符合依法制定的民用机场布局和建设规划，符合民用机场标准，并按照国家规定报经有关主管机关批准并实施。

Article 56. Any new construction, refurbishment and expansion of civil airports must conform to plans for the allocation and construction of civil airports which have been formulated in accordance with the law and must meet the standards for civil airports and will be implemented after being approved by relevant departments responsible in accordance with State regulations.

不符合依法制定的民用机场布局和建设规划的民用机场建设项目，不得批准。

No civil airport construction project that does not conform to the plan for the distribution and construction of civil airports formulated in accordance with law may be approved.

第五十七条   新建、扩建民用机场，应当由民用机场所在地县级以上地方人民政府发布公告。

Article 57. Any new construction or expansion of a civil airport will be announced publicly by the local people's government at county level or above in the place where the civil airport is located.

前款规定的公告应当在当地主要报纸上刊登，并在拟新建、扩建机场周围地区张贴。

The public announcements mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be published in major local newspapers and posted in areas around the airport to be constructed or expanded.

第五十八条   禁止在依法划定的民用机场范围内和按照国家规定划定的机场净空保护区域内从事下列活动：

Article 58 The following activities are prohibited within the limits of civil airport defined according to law and within the airport obstacle clearance protection zone defined according to State regulations:

（一）修建可能在空中排放大量烟雾、粉尘、火焰、废气而影响飞行安全的建筑物或者设施；

1. The construction of buildings or facilities that will possibly affect flight safety by emitting large amount of smoke, dust, flames and waste gas in the air;

（二）修建靶场、强烈爆炸物仓库等影响飞行安全的建筑物或者设施；

2. The construction of buildings or facilities that will affect flight safety such as shooting range and storage of strong explosives;

（三）修建不符合机场净空要求的建筑物或者设施；

(III) The construction of buildings or facilities that do not meet the requirements of obstacle clearance of the airport;

（四）设置影响机场目视助航设施使用的灯光、标志或者物体；

(IV) The installation of lights, signs or objects that will affect the use of airport visual navaid;

（五）种植影响飞行安全或者影响机场助航设施使用的植物；

(V) The growing of plants that will affect flight safety or affect the use of airport navaid;

（六）饲养、放飞影响飞行安全的鸟类动物和其他物体；

(VI) The keeping and setting free of birds and other objects that will affect flight safety;

（七）修建影响机场电磁环境的建筑物或者设施。

(VII) The construction of buildings or facilities that will affect the electromagnetic environment of the airport.

禁止在依法划定的民用机场范围内放养牲畜。

Herding of livestock within the limits of civil airport defined according to law is prohibited.

第五十九条   民用机场新建、扩建的公告发布前，在依法划定的民用机场范围内和按照国家规定划定的机场净空保护区域内存在的可能影响飞行安全的建筑物、构筑物、树木、灯光和其他障碍物体，应当在规定的期限内清除；对由此造成的损失，应当给予补偿或者依法采取其他补救措施。

Article 59. Prior to the issue of the public announcement of the new construction or expansion of a civil airport, all buildings, structures, trees, lights and other obstructions which exist within areas legally designated for that civil airport and within the protected airport clearance area and which may affect flight safety must be removed within a stipulated time limit. Compensation will be granted or other remedial measures will be adopted in accordance with the law in respect of any loss occasioned by this removal.

第六十条   民用机场新建、扩建的公告发布后，任何单位和个人违反本法和有关行政法规的规定，在依法划定的民用机场范围内和按照国家规定划定的机场净空保护区域内修建、种植或者设置影响飞行安全的建筑物、构筑物、树木、灯光和其他障碍物体的，由机场所在地县级以上地方人民政府责令清除；由此造成的损失，由修建、种植或者设置该障碍物体的人承担。

Article 60. If, following a public announcement of the new construction or expansion of a civil airport, any unit or individual, in violation of the provisions of this Law or relevant administrative regulations, builds, plants or installs buildings, structures, trees, lights or other obstacles within the area legally designated for that civil airport or within the area designated for protective airport clearance pursuant to State regulations, where these obstacles will affect flight safety, the local people's government at county level or above at the place where the airport is located will order their removal. Any loss occasioned by this removal will be borne by those who built, planted or installed the obstacles.

第六十一条   在民用机场及其按照国家规定划定的净空保护区域以外，对可能影响飞行安全的高大建筑物或者设施，应当按照国家有关规定设置飞行障碍灯和标志，并使其保持正常状态。

Article 61. High-rise buildings or facilities outside a civil airport or outside the area designated by the State regulations as its protective clearance area and which may affect flight safety must have flight obstacle indication lights and signs erected in accordance with relevant State regulations. These indication lights and signs must be maintained so as to be in normal working order.

第六十二条   国务院民用航空主管部门规定的对公众开放的民用机场应当取得机场使用许可证，方可开放使用。其他民用机场应当按照国务院民用航空主管部门的规定进行备案。

Article 62. Civil airports which are open to the public as specified by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation must obtain an airport operating licence before they can be opened and put into use. Other civil airports shall file records pursuant to the provisions of the civil aviation authorities of the State Council.

申请取得机场使用许可证，应当具备下列条件，并按照国家规定经验收合格：

The following conditions shall be satisfied and the airport use permit shall be checked and accepted as qualified in accordance with State provisions:

（一）具备与其运营业务相适应的飞行区、航站区、工作区以及服务设施和人员；

1. It has available a movement area, a terminal area, a working area and service facilities and personnel corresponding to its operation;

（二）具备能够保障飞行安全的空中交通管制、通信导航、气象等设施和人员；

(II) It has available air traffic control, communication, navigation and meteorological facilities and personnel that can ensure flight safety;

（三）具备符合国家规定的安全保卫条件；

(III) It has available security protection conditions conforming to State regulations;

（四）具备处理特殊情况的应急计划以及相应的设施和人员；

(IV) It has an emergency plan to deal with extraordinary circumstances and corresponding facilities and personnel;

（五）具备国务院民用航空主管部门规定的其他条件。

(V) It has available other conditions prescribed by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

国际机场还应当具备国际通航条件，设立海关和其他口岸检查机关。

An international airport shall also have the conditions for operating international air transport and be provided with customs and other port inspection organs.

第六十三条   民用机场使用许可证由机场管理机构向国务院民用航空主管部门申请，经国务院民用航空主管部门审查批准后颁发。

Article 63. The application for a permit to operate as an airport will be submitted to the State Council department in charge of civil aviation by the airport administration office and the permit will be issued upon examination and approval by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第六十四条   设立国际机场，由国务院民用航空主管部门报请国务院审查批准。

Article 64. Establishment of an international airport must be reported by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation to the State Council for examination and approval.

国际机场的开放使用，由国务院民用航空主管部门对外公告；国际机场资料由国务院民用航空主管部门统一对外提供。

The opening to traffic of an international airport shall be announced to the public by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council; the data of an international airport shall be exclusively provided by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

第六十五条   民用机场应当按照国务院民用航空主管部门的规定，采取措施，保证机场内人员和财产的安全。

Article 65. A civil airport must adopt measures to ensure the safety of personnel and property within the airport in accordance with regulations of the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第六十六条   供运输旅客或者货物的民用航空器使用的民用机场，应当按照国务院民用航空主管部门规定的标准，设置必要设施，为旅客和货物托运人、收货人提供良好服务。

Article 66. In order that proper service is provided for passengers, consignors and consignees, civil airports to be used by civil passenger aircraft and air freight craft must install necessary facilities pursuant to the standards set by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第六十七条   民用机场管理机构应当依照环境保护法律、行政法规的规定，做好机场环境保护工作。

Article 67 A civil airport administrative organ shall protect well the environment of the civil airport in accordance with the provisions of the laws and administrative rules and regulations concerning environmental protection.

第六十八条   民用航空器使用民用机场及其助航设施的，应当缴纳使用费、服务费；使用费、服务费的收费标准，由国务院民用航空主管部门制定。

Article 68. Civil aircraft which use civil airports and civil airport navigational aid facilities must pay utilisation fees and service fees. Fee standards for these charges will be formulated by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第六十九条   民用机场废弃或者改作他用，民用机场管理机构应当依照国家规定办理报批手续。

Article 69 Where a civil airport is abandoned or put to use for other purposes, the civil airport administrative organ shall go through the formalities of reporting and approval in accordance with State regulations.

第七章 空中航行

Chapter 7 Air navigation

第一节 空域管理

Section 1 Airspace Management

第七十条   国家对空域实行统一管理。

Article 70 The State exercises unified management over the airspace.

第七十一条   划分空域，应当兼顾民用航空和国防安全的需要以及公众的利益，使空域得到合理、充分、有效的利用。

Article 71 In delineating the airspace, consideration shall be given to the requirements of both civil aviation and the security of national defense and to public interest for the rational, full and effective utilization of the airspace.

第七十二条   空域管理的具体办法，由国务院、中央军事委员会制定。

Article 72. Detailed measures for airspace control will be formulated by the State Council and the Central Military Commission.

第二节 飞行管理

Section 2 Flight Management

第七十三条   在一个划定的管制空域内，由一个空中交通管制单位负责该空域内的航空器的空中交通管制。

Article 73. For each designated controlled airspace, one air traffic control unit will be responsible for controlling the air traffic of all aircraft flying within that designated airspace.

第七十四条   民用航空器在管制空域内进行飞行活动，应当取得空中交通管制单位的许可。

Article 74. Civil aircraft must first obtain the permission of the air traffic control unit in order to conduct flights within controlled airspace.

第七十五条   民用航空器应当按照空中交通管制单位指定的航路和飞行高度飞行；因故确需偏离指定的航路或者改变飞行高度飞行的，应当取得空中交通管制单位的许可。

Article 75. Civil aircraft must fly along the air route and at the altitudes designated by the air traffic control unit. Where it is legitimately necessary to deviate from the designated air route or change flight altitudes, the permission of the air traffic control unit must be obtained.

第七十六条   在中华人民共和国境内飞行的航空器，必须遵守统一的飞行规则。

Article 76 Aircraft flying within the territory of the People's Republic of China must observe the country's uniform flight rules and regulations.

进行目视飞行的民用航空器，应当遵守目视飞行规则，并与其他航空器、地面障碍物体保持安全距离。

Civil aircraft on visual flight must observe visual flight rules and regulations and maintain a safe distance from other aircraft and land-base obstacles.

进行仪表飞行的民用航空器，应当遵守仪表飞行规则。

A civil aircraft performing instrument flight shall observe instrument flight rules.

飞行规则由国务院、中央军事委员会制定。

The rules of the air shall be formulated jointly by the State Council and the Central Military Commission.

第七十七条   民用航空器机组人员的飞行时间、执勤时间不得超过国务院民用航空主管部门规定的时限。

Article 77. The flight time and hours of duty of the flight crew of civil aircraft must not exceed the time limit stipulated by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

民用航空器机组人员受到酒类饮料、麻醉剂或者其他药物的影响，损及工作能力的，不得执行飞行任务。

No crew member of a civil aircraft shall perform a flight mission if his work capacity is impaired by the effect of alcohol, narcotics or other drugs.

第七十八条   民用航空器除按照国家规定经特别批准外，不得飞入禁区；除遵守规定的限制条件外，不得飞入限制区。

Article 78 No civil aircraft shall fly into a prohibited area unless it is specially approved in accordance with State regulations; no civil aircraft shall fly into a restricted area unless it observes the prescribed conditions of restriction.

前款规定的禁区和限制区，依照国家规定划定。

The prohibited areas and restricted areas specified in the preceding paragraph are defined in accordance with State regulations.

第七十九条   民用航空器不得飞越城市上空；但是，有下列情形之一的除外：

Article 79 No civil aircraft shall fly over urban areas except in one of the following circumstances:

（一）起飞、降落或者指定的航路所必需的；

1. It is necessary for takeoff, landing or specified air route;

（二）飞行高度足以使该航空器在发生紧急情况时离开城市上空，而不致危及地面上的人员、财产安全的；

2. The flight altitude is high enough to permit the civil aircraft to leave the airspace over the city in the event of emergency without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface;

（三）按照国家规定的程序获得批准的。

(III) The flight has been approved in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the State.

第八十条   飞行中，民用航空器不得投掷物品；但是，有下列情形之一的除外：

Article 80 Nothing shall be dropped or sprayed from a civil aircraft in flight except in one of the following circumstances:

（一）飞行安全所必需的；

1. It is indispensable for flight safety;

（二）执行救助任务或者符合社会公共利益的其他飞行任务所必需的。

(II) It is indispensable for performing a rescue mission or other flight missions conforming to the public interest of the society.

第八十一条   民用航空器未经批准不得飞出中华人民共和国领空。

Article 81 No civil aircraft shall fly out of the territorial airspace of the People's Republic of China without approval.

对未经批准正在飞离中华人民共和国领空的民用航空器，有关部门有权根据具体情况采取必要措施，予以制止。

In the situation where a civil aircraft is flying out of the territorial airspace of the People's Republic of China without approval, relevant departments will have the authority to adopt necessary measures in the light of the specific situation to stop that aircraft.

第三节 飞行保障

Section 3 Flight Support

第八十二条   空中交通管制单位应当为飞行中的民用航空器提供空中交通服务，包括空中交通管制服务、飞行情报服务和告警服务。

Article 82. Air traffic control units must provide air traffic services for civil aircraft in flight. These services will include air traffic control services, flight information services and warning services.

提供空中交通管制服务，旨在防止民用航空器同航空器、民用航空器同障碍物体相撞，维持并加速空中交通的有秩序的活动。

The provision of air traffic control services is aimed at preventing collisions between civil aircraft and between civil aircraft and obstacles nd to maintain and improve the orderliness of air traffic activities.

提供飞行情报服务，旨在提供有助于安全和有效地实施飞行的情报和建议。

The provision of flight information service is aimed at providing intelligence and recommendations for the safe and efficient conduct of the flight.

提供告警服务，旨在当民用航空器需要搜寻援救时，通知有关部门，并根据要求协助该有关部门进行搜寻援救。

The provision of warning services is aimed at ensuring that, when the need for search and rescue arises in relation to a civil aircraft, the relevant departments will be notified and also to assist these departments to carry out search and rescue in accordance with requirements.

第八十三条   空中交通管制单位发现民用航空器偏离指定航路、迷失航向时，应当迅速采取一切必要措施，使其回归航路。

Article 83. When an air traffic control unit discovers that a civil aircraft has drifted off the designated air route or has lost direction, the air traffic control unit must promptly adopt all necessary measures to being the aircraft back to the correct course.

第八十四条   航路上应当设置必要的导航、通信、气象和地面监视设备。

Article 84. Necessary air navigation, telecommunications, meteorological and ground surveillance equipment must be installed along the air routes.

第八十五条   航路上影响飞行安全的自然障碍物体，应当在航图上标明；航路上影响飞行安全的人工障碍物体，应当设置飞行障碍灯和标志，并使其保持正常状态。

Article 85. Any natural obstacles along the air routes which will affect flight safety must be clearly indicated on the flight chart. Flight obstacle lights and signs must be installed to indicate any artificial obstacles along the air routes which will affect flight safety. These lights and signs must be maintained in normal working order.

第八十六条   在距离航路边界三十公里以内的地带，禁止修建靶场和其他可能影响飞行安全的设施；但是，平射轻武器靶场除外。

Article 86 The construction of a shooting range or other facilities that will possibly affect flight safety is prohibited within the area extending 30 kilometers from the edges of an air route, unless it is a shooting range for flat trajectory light weapon.

在前款规定地带以外修建固定的或者临时性对空发射场，应当按照国家规定获得批准；对空发射场的发射方向，不得与航路交叉。

The construction of a fixed or temporary shooting ground beyond the area prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be subject to approval according to relevant State regulations; the shooting direction of an air shooting range shall not intersect an air route.

第八十七条   任何可能影响飞行安全的活动，应当依法获得批准，并采取确保飞行安全的必要措施，方可进行。

Article 87 Any activity which may affect flight safety shall be approved in accordance with law and measures necessary to ensure flight safety shall be taken.

第八十八条   国务院民用航空主管部门应当依法对民用航空无线电台和分配给民用航空系统使用的专用频率实施管理。

Article 88 The competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall exercise control over civil aviation radio stations and the special frequencies assigned to be used by civil aviation system according to law.

任何单位或者个人使用的无线电台和其他仪器、装置，不得妨碍民用航空无线电专用频率的正常使用。对民用航空无线电专用频率造成有害干扰的，有关单位或者个人应当迅速排除干扰；未排除干扰前，应当停止使用该无线电台或者其他仪器、装置。

Radio transmitter-receivers and other instruments and equipment used by any units or individuals must not obstruct the normal functions of frequencies assigned for the special use of civil aviation radios. In case of harmful interference with the special radio frequencies for civil aviation, the relevant unit or individual shall eliminate such interference as soon as possible; and the use of such radio station or other instrument and device shall be stopped before the elimination of such interference.

第八十九条   邮电通信企业应当对民用航空电信传递优先提供服务。

Article 89. Postal and telecommunications enterprises must give priority to providing services for civil aviation telecommunications transmission.

国家气象机构应当对民用航空气象机构提供必要的气象资料。

State meteorological authorities must provide necessary meteorological data to the civil aviation meteorological authorities.

第四节 飞行必备文件

Section 4 Essential Flight Documents

第九十条   从事飞行的民用航空器，应当携带下列文件：

Article 90 A civil aircraft engaged in flight operation shall carry the following documents:

（一）民用航空器国籍登记证书；

1. Civil aircraft certificate of nationality registration;

（二）民用航空器适航证书；

(II) Civil aircraft certificate of airworthiness;

（三）机组人员相应的执照；

(III) Appropriate licences for crew members;

（四）民用航空器航行记录簿；

(IV) Civil aircraft journey log book;

（五）装有无线电设备的民用航空器，其无线电台执照；

(V) If the civil aircraft is equipped with radio apparatus, its radio station licence;

（六）载有旅客的民用航空器，其所载旅客姓名及其出发地点和目的地点的清单；

(VI) If the civil aircraft carries passengers, a list of their names and places of departure and destination;

（七）载有货物的民用航空器，其所载货物的舱单和明细的申报单；

(VII) If the civil aircraft carries cargo, a manifest and detailed declarations of the cargo;

（八）根据飞行任务应当携带的其他文件。

(VIII) Other documents that should be carried according to the flight mission.

民用航空器未按规定携带前款所列文件的，国务院民用航空主管部门或者其授权的地区民用航空管理机构可以禁止该民用航空器起飞。

The State Council department in charge of civil aviation or other authorised regional civil aviation administrations must forbid any civil aircraft from take off if the aircraft crew fails to present all the documents stipulated in the preceding paragraph.

第八章 公共航空运输企业

Chapter 8 Public Air Transport Enterprises

第九十一条   公共航空运输企业，是指以营利为目的，使用民用航空器运送旅客、行李、邮件或者货物的企业法人。

Article 91. Public air transport enterprises refer to corporate enterprises which use civil aircraft to transport passengers, luggage, mail or cargo for the purpose of making a profit.

第九十二条   企业从事公共航空运输，应当向国务院民用航空主管部门申请领取经营许可证。

Article 92 An enterprise that intends to engage in public air transport shall apply to the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council for a business license.

第九十三条   取得公共航空运输经营许可，应当具备下列条件：

Article 93 The following conditions shall be met for obtaining a public air transport license:

（一）有符合国家规定的适应保证飞行安全要求的民用航空器；

1. It has the civil aircraft conforming to the requirements of ensuring flight safety as stipulated by the State;

（二）有必需的依法取得执照的航空人员；

2. It has the necessary airmen who have been issued licences according to law;

（三）有不少于国务院规定的最低限额的注册资本；

(III) It has the minimum registered capital prescribed by the State Council;

（四）法律、行政法规规定的其他条件。

(IV) Other conditions prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.

第九十四条   公共航空运输企业的组织形式、组织机构适用公司法的规定。

Article 94 The provisions of the Company Law shall be applicable to the form of organization and institutional framework of public air transport enterprises.

本法施行前设立的公共航空运输企业，其组织形式、组织机构不完全符合公司法规定的，可以继续沿用原有的规定，适用前款规定的日期由国务院规定。

Public air transport enterprises which were established prior to the implementation of this Law, and whose organisational form and structure do not completely comply with the provisions of the Company Law, may continue to follow the original regulations. The date that the provisions stipulated in the preceding paragraph will apply will be determined by the State Council.

第九十五条   公共航空运输企业应当以保证飞行安全和航班正常，提供良好服务为准则，采取有效措施，提高运输服务质量。

Article 95 A public air transport enterprise must, on the principle of providing sound services by means of ensuring air safety and maintaining a normal flight schedule, adopt effective measures to enhance the quality of its transport services.

公共航空运输企业应当教育和要求本企业职工严格履行职责，以文明礼貌、热情周到的服务态度，认真做好旅客和货物运输的各项服务工作。

A public air transport enterprise must educate and require its staff and workers to strictly fulfil their duties, have a civilised, polite, courteous and considerate service manner and strive to provide sound services for both passenger and cargo transportation.

旅客运输航班延误的，应当在机场内及时通告有关情况。

Any delay of passenger flights shall be announced in time within the airport.

第九十六条   公共航空运输企业申请经营定期航班运输（以下简称航班运输）的航线，暂停、终止经营航线，应当报经国务院民用航空主管部门批准。

Article 96 A public air transport enterprise shall apply to the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council for approval with respect to the air route to be operated for scheduled air services, and the suspension or termination of the operation of air route.

公共航空运输企业经营航班运输，应当公布班期时刻。

A public air transport enterprise operating scheduled air services shall have its timetable published.) >

第九十七条   公共航空运输企业的营业收费项目，由国务院民用航空主管部门确定。

Article 97. Items for which operating fees can be charged by public air transport enterprises will be determined by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

国内航空运输的运价管理办法，由国务院民用航空主管部门会同国务院物价主管部门制定，报国务院批准后执行。

Administrative measures for the control of domestic air transport prices will be formulated by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation in conjunction with the State Council department in charge of commodity prices. These measures will be implemented upon approval by the State Council.

国际航空运输运价的制定按照中华人民共和国政府与外国政府签订的协定、协议的规定执行；没有协定、协议的，参照国际航空运输市场价格确定。

The tariff of international air transport shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of the agreements signed between the Government of the People's Republic of China and foreign governments; in the absence of any agreement, the tariff shall be formulated with reference to the market price of international air transport.

第九十八条   公共航空运输企业从事不定期运输，应当经国务院民用航空主管部门批准，并不得影响航班运输的正常经营。

Article 98. A public air transport enterprise which intends to engage in any ad hoc transport business must be subject to approval by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation and must guarantee that such business will not affect the normal operation of flight transport.

第九十九条   公共航空运输企业应当依照国务院制定的公共航空运输安全保卫规定，制定安全保卫方案，并报国务院民用航空主管部门备案。

Article 99 A public air transport enterprise shall formulate a security plan in accordance with the public air transport security regulations formulated by the State Council, and report to the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council for the record.

第一百条   公共航空运输企业不得运输法律、行政法规规定的禁运物品。

Article 100. Public air transport enterprises must not transport any articles which are prohibited under the provisions of laws or administrative regulations.

公共航空运输企业未经国务院民用航空主管部门批准，不得运输作战军火、作战物资。

No public air transport enterprise shall carry munitions of war or implements of war unless approved by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

禁止旅客随身携带法律、行政法规规定的禁运物品乘坐民用航空器。

Passengers bringing on their persons articles the transport of which is prohibited by the provisions of laws and administrative regulations are prohibited from flying in a civil aircraft.

第一百零一条   公共航空运输企业运输危险品，应当遵守国家有关规定。

Article 101 Public air transport enterprises engaged in the transport of dangerous cargo must observe relevant State regulations.

禁止以非危险品品名托运危险品。

It is forbidden to consign dangerous goods under the name of non-dangerous goods.

禁止旅客随身携带危险品乘坐民用航空器。除因执行公务并按照国家规定经过批准外，禁止旅客携带枪支、管制刀具乘坐民用航空器。禁止违反国务院民用航空主管部门的规定将危险品作为行李托运。

Passengers carrying dangerous articles are prohibited from flying in a civil aircraft. Except for those exercising pubic functions who have obtained approval according to relevant State regulations, passengers are prohibited from carrying guns and controlled knives on board civil aircraft. It is prohibited to check in dangerous articles as luggage in violation of the stipulations of the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

危险品品名由国务院民用航空主管部门规定并公布。

The names of dangerous articles shall be prescribed and published by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

第一百零二条   公共航空运输企业不得运输拒绝接受安全检查的旅客，不得违反国家规定运输未经安全检查的行李。

Article 102. Public air transport enterprises must not transport passengers who refuse to undergo security checks and must not violate State regulations by transporting luggage which has not been subject to security check procedures.

公共航空运输企业必须按照国务院民用航空主管部门的规定，对承运的货物进行安全检查或者采取其他保证安全的措施。

Public air transport enterprises must conduct security checks of consigned cargo or adopt other measures to ensure security in accordance with regulations of the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第一百零三条   公共航空运输企业从事国际航空运输的民用航空器及其所载人员、行李、货物应当接受边防、海关等主管部门的检查；但是，检查时应当避免不必要的延误。

Article 103 Public air transport enterprises engaged in international air transport must subject their civil aircraft, including the personnel, luggage and cargo on board, to inspections conducted by competent departments in charge of frontier defence and Customs affairs. However, unnecessary delays must be avoided in the course of these inspections.

第一百零四条   公共航空运输企业应当依照有关法律、行政法规的规定优先运输邮件。

Article 104. Public air transport enterprises must, in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations, give priority to the transport of mail.

第一百零五条   公共航空运输企业应当投保地面第三人责任险。

Article 105. Public air transport enterprises must take out liability insurance in respect of third parties on the ground.

第九章 公共航空运输

Chapter 9 Public Air Transport

第一节 一般规定

Section 1 General Provisions

第一百零六条   本章适用于公共航空运输企业使用民用航空器经营的旅客、行李或者货物的运输，包括公共航空运输企业使用民用航空器办理的免费运输。

Article 106. The provisions of this Chapter are applicable to the transport of passengers, luggage and cargo by public air transport enterprises using civil aircraft. This includes gratuitous transport handled by public air transport enterprises using civil aircraft.

本章不适用于使用民用航空器办理的邮件运输。

This Chapter is not applicable to the transport of mail by the use of civil aircraft.

对多式联运方式的运输，本章规定适用于其中的航空运输部分。

The provisions of this Chapter are applicable to the air transport sectors of multimodal transport.

第一百零七条   本法所称国内航空运输，是指根据当事人订立的航空运输合同，运输的出发地点、约定的经停地点和目的地点均在中华人民共和国境内的运输。

Article 107. Domestic air transport stated in this Law refers to transport which is conducted according to an air transport contract entered into between the parties concerned and where the place of departure, agreed en route stops and the place of destination are all located within the territory of the People's Republic of China.

本法所称国际航空运输，是指根据当事人订立的航空运输合同，无论运输有无间断或者有无转运，运输的出发地点、目的地点或者约定的经停地点之一不在中华人民共和国境内的运输。

International air transport stated in this Law refers to transport which is conducted according to an air transport contract entered into between the parties concerned and where the place of departure, the place of destination or one of the agreed en route stops is not located within the territory of the People's Republic of China, regardless of whether the transport is in an interrupted or transit process.

第一百零八条   航空运输合同各方认为几个连续的航空运输承运人办理的运输是一项单一业务活动的，无论其形式是以一个合同订立或者数个合同订立，应当视为一项不可分割的运输。

Article 108 If all parties to an air transport contract consider that transport by several air transport carriers in succession is actually one single business activity, this will be regarded as an individual item of transport, regardless of whether it is established in the form of one contract or in several contracts.

第二节 运输凭证

Section 2 Transport Documents

第一百零九条   承运人运送旅客，应当出具客票。旅客乘坐民用航空器，应当交验有效客票。

Article 109 For the transport of passengers the carrier shall deliver a passenger ticket. Passengers travelling by civil aircraft must present valid tickets for checking.

第一百一十条   客票应当包括的内容由国务院民用航空主管部门规定，至少应当包括以下内容：

Article 110 The contents of a passenger ticket shall be prescribed by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council. A passenger ticket shall at least contain the following particulars:

（一）出发地点和目的地点；

1. The place of departure and of destination;

（二）出发地点和目的地点均在中华人民共和国境内，而在境外有一个或者数个约定的经停地点的，至少注明一个经停地点；

2. If the places of departure and destination are within the territory of the People's Republic of China, one or more agreed stopping places being outside such territory, an indication of at least one such stopping place;

（三）旅客航程的最终目的地点、出发地点或者约定的经停地点之一不在中华人民共和国境内，依照所适用的国际航空运输公约的规定，应当在客票上声明此项运输适用该公约的，客票上应当载有该项声明。

(III) If the ultimate destination, the place of departure or the agreed stopping place of the passenger's journey is not situated within the territory of the People's Republic of China, a notice indicating the international air transport convention applicable to such transport, in case such convention requires the inclusion of the notice in the passenger ticket.

第一百一十一条   客票是航空旅客运输合同订立和运输合同条件的初步证据。

Article 111 The passenger ticket shall constitute prima facie evidence of the conclusion and conditions of the contract of transport of passenger by air.

旅客未能出示客票、客票不符合规定或者客票遗失，不影响运输合同的存在或者有效。

The existence or the validity of a transport contract will not be affected by the fact that a passenger is unable to present his or her passenger ticket, the passenger ticket does not meet the requirements of relevant regulations or the passenger ticket has been lost.

在国内航空运输中，承运人同意旅客不经其出票而乘坐民用航空器的，承运人无权援用本法第一百二十八条有关赔偿责任限制的规定。

Where a carrier agrees to allow a passenger to board a civil aircraft without presenting his or her passenger ticket for domestic air transport, the carrier will have no right to invoke the provisions in Article 128 of this Law concerning limitation of liability for compensation.

在国际航空运输中，承运人同意旅客不经其出票而乘坐民用航空器的，或者客票上未依照本法第一百一十条第（三）项的规定声明的，承运人无权援用本法第一百二十九条有关赔偿责任限制的规定。

In international air transport, if, with the consent of the carrier, the passenger embarks on a civil aircraft without a passenger ticket having been delivered, or if the ticket does not include the notice required by sub-paragraph 3. of Article 110 of this Law, the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of Article 129 of this Law concerning the limit of liability.

第一百一十二条   承运人载运托运行李时，行李票可以包含在客票之内或者与客票相结合。除本法第一百一十条的规定外，行李票还应当包括下列内容：

Article 112 In respect of the transport of checked baggage by a carrier, a baggage check may be combined with or incorporated in a passenger ticket. In addition to the provisions of Article 110 of this Law, a baggage check shall also include the following particulars:

（一）托运行李的件数和重量；

1. The number of packages and weight of the baggage;

（二）需要声明托运行李在目的地点交付时的利益的，注明声明金额。

(II) If a declaration of interest in delivery at destination of the checked baggage is required, indicate the sum of declared interest.

行李票是行李托运和运输合同条件的初步证据。

The baggage check is prima facie evidence of the checking and conditions of the contract of transport.

旅客未能出示行李票、行李票不符合规定或者行李票遗失，不影响运输合同的存在或者有效。

The existence or the validity of the transport contract will not be affected by the fact that a passenger is unable to present his or her luggage ticket, the luggage ticket does not meet the requirements of relevant regulations or the luggage ticket has been lost.

在国内航空运输中，承运人载运托运行李而不出具行李票的，承运人无权援用本法第一百二十八条有关赔偿责任限制的规定。

Where a carrier agrees to transport consigned luggage without issuing a luggage ticket during domestic air transport, that carrier will have no right to invoke the provisions of Article 128 of this Law concerning limitation of liability for compensation.

在国际航空运输中，承运人载运托运行李而不出具行李票的，或者行李票上未依照本法第一百一十条第（三）项的规定声明的，承运人无权援用本法第一百二十九条有关赔偿责任限制的规定。

In international air transport, if the carrier carries the checked baggage without a baggage check having been delivered, or if the baggage check does not include the notice required by sub-paragraph 3. of Article 110 of this Law, the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of Article 129 of this Law concerning the limit of liability.

第一百一十三条   承运人有权要求托运人填写航空货运单，托运人有权要求承运人接受该航空货运单。托运人未能出示航空货运单、航空货运单不符合规定或者航空货运单遗失，不影响运输合同的存在或者有效。

Article 113 The carrier has the right to require the shipper to make out an air waybill; a shipper has the right to require the carrier to accept the air waybill. The failure of the shipper to produce the air waybill, or the irregularity or loss of the air waybill shall not affect the existence or validity of the contract of transport.

第一百一十四条   托运人应当填写航空货运单正本一式三份，连同货物交给承运人。

Article 114. The consignor must complete the air waybill in triplicate and hand it over to the carrier together with the consigned cargo.

航空货运单第一份注明“交承运人”，由托运人签字、盖章；第二份注明“交收货人”，由托运人和承运人签字、盖章；第三份由承运人在接受货物后签字、盖章，交给托运人。

The first copy of the air waybill must be market "For the Carrier" and will be signed and sealed by the consignor; the second copy must be market "For the Consignee" and will be signed and sealed by both the consignor and the carrier; and the third copy will be signed and sealed by the carrier upon receipt of the cargo and then be returned to the consignor.

承运人根据托运人的请求填写航空货运单的，在没有相反证据的情况下，应当视为代托运人填写。

Provided that there is no evidence to the contrary, the air waybill completed by the carrier at the request of the consignor will be regarded as have been completed on behalf of the consignor.

第一百一十五条   航空货运单应当包括的内容由国务院民用航空主管部门规定，至少应当包括以下内容：

Article 115 The contents of an air waybill shall be prescribed by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council. An air waybill shall at least contain the following particulars:

（一）出发地点和目的地点；

1. The place of departure and of destination;

（二）出发地点和目的地点均在中华人民共和国境内，而在境外有一个或者数个约定的经停地点的，至少注明一个经停地点；

2. If the places of departure and destination are within the territory of the People's Republic of China, one or more agreed stopping places being outside such territory, an indication of at least one such stopping place;

（三）货物运输的最终目的地点、出发地点或者约定的经停地点之一不在中华人民共和国境内，依照所适用的国际航空运输公约的规定，应当在货运单上声明此项运输适用该公约的，货运单上应当载有该项声明。

(III) If the ultimate destination, the place of departure or the agreed stopping place of the cargo transport is not situated within the territory of the People's Republic of China, a notice indicating the international air transport convention applicable to such transport, in case such convention requires the inclusion of the notice in the air waybill.

第一百一十六条   在国内航空运输中，承运人同意未经填具航空货运单而载运货物的，承运人无权援用本法第一百二十八条有关赔偿责任限制的规定。

Article 116 Where a carrier agrees to transport cargo without completing an air waybill for domestic air transport, the carrier will have no right to invoke the provisions of Article 128 of this Law concerning limitation of liability for compensation.

在国际航空运输中，承运人同意未经填具航空货运单而载运货物的，或者航空货运单上未依照本法第一百一十五条第（三）项的规定声明的，承运人无权援用本法第一百二十九条有关赔偿责任限制的规定。

In international air transport, if, with the consent of the carrier, cargo is carried without an air waybill having been made out, or if the air waybill does not include the notice required by sub-paragraph 3. of Article 115 of this Law, the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of Article 129 of this Law concerning the limit of liability.

第一百一十七条   托运人应当对航空货运单上所填关于货物的说明和声明的正确性负责。

Article 117. The consignor will be held responsible for the accuracy of the description of the cargo and the declaration on the air waybill.

因航空货运单上所填的说明和声明不符合规定、不正确或者不完全，给承运人或者承运人对之负责的其他人造成损失的，托运人应当承担赔偿责任。

The consignor will bear liability for any loss incurred by the carrier or by any other persons for whom the carrier is responsible, where this loss is due to the description or declaration on the air waybill not complying with regulations or being incorrect or incomplete.

第一百一十八条   航空货运单是航空货物运输合同订立和运输条件以及承运人接受货物的初步证据。

Article 118 The air waybill shall be prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract of transport of cargo by air, of the conditions of transport and of the receipt of the cargo by the carrier.

航空货运单上关于货物的重量、尺寸、包装和包装件数的说明具有初步证据的效力。除经过承运人和托运人当面查对并在航空货运单上注明经过查对或者书写关于货物的外表情况的说明外，航空货运单上关于货物的数量、体积和情况的说明不能构成不利于承运人的证据。

Descriptions of the weight, size, packing and number of packages on the air waybill have the effect of prima facie evidence. Descriptions of the quantity, volume and conditions on the air waybill cannot constitute any evidence against the carrier unless verification of this is made by both the carrier and the consignor in each other's presence and this verification is specified in the air waybill or a written description of the external conditions of the cargo is made on the air waybill.

第一百一十九条   托运人在履行航空货物运输合同规定的义务的条件下，有权在出发地机场或者目的地机场将货物提回，或者在途中经停时中止运输，或者在目的地点或者途中要求将货物交给非航空货运单上指定的收货人，或者要求将货物运回出发地机场；但是，托运人不得因行使此种权利而使承运人或者其他托运人遭受损失，并应当偿付由此产生的费用。

Article 119. Under the condition of performing the obligations stipulated in the airfreight transport contract, the consignor will have the right to do the following: withdraw the cargo from the airport at either the place of departure or the place of destination; suspend the transport in transit at an en route stop; demand delivery of the cargo to a consignee not specified on the air waybill along the transport route or at the place of destination; or demand that the cargo be sent back to the airport of the place of departure. However, the consignor, when exercising these rights, must not cause the carrier or other consignors to suffer loss. The consignor must pay for any expenses arising as a result of the exercise of these rights.

托运人的指示不能执行的，承运人应当立即通知托运人。

The carrier must notify the consignor immediately if it is unable to carry out the consignor's instructions.

承运人按照托运人的指示处理货物，没有要求托运人出示其所收执的航空货运单，给该航空货运单的合法持有人造成损失的，承运人应当承担责任，但是不妨碍承运人向托运人追偿。

If a carrier handles cargo pursuant to the consignor's instructions and does not request the consignor to present its certified air waybill and this causes the legal holder of the air waybill to suffer loss, the carrier will be liable for this loss. However, this does not hinder the right of the carrier to seek compensation from the consignor.

收货人的权利依照本法第一百二十条规定开始时，托运人的权利即告终止；但是，收货人拒绝接受航空货运单或者货物，或者承运人无法同收货人联系的，托运人恢复其对货物的处置权。

The rights of the consignor will terminate when the rights of the consignee commence according to the provisions of Article 120 of this Law. However, the consignor will resume its right of dealing with the cargo where the consignee refuses to accept the air waybill or the cargo, or where the carrier has no way of making contact with the consignee.

第一百二十条   除本法第一百一十九条所列情形外，收货人于货物到达目的地点，并在缴付应付款项和履行航空货运单上所列运输条件后，有权要求承运人移交航空货运单并交付货物。

Article 120. Except for the situations described in Article 119 of this Law, the consignee has the right to request the carrier to hand over the air waybill and deliver the cargo at the place of destination for the cargo upon payment of all payable charges and upon honouring all the transport conditions listed on the air waybill.

除另有约定外，承运人应当在货物到达后立即通知收货人。

Unless otherwise agreed, the carrier must notify the consignee immediately after the cargo arrives.

承运人承认货物已经遗失，或者货物在应当到达之日起七日后仍未到达的，收货人有权向承运人行使航空货物运输合同所赋予的权利。

Where the carrier concedes that the cargo has been lost or where the cargo fails to arrive seven (7) days after the scheduled arrival date, the consignee has the right to execute all its rights under the airfreight transport contract against the carrier.

第一百二十一条   托运人和收货人在履行航空货物运输合同规定的义务的条件下，无论为本人或者他人的利益，可以以本人的名义分别行使本法第一百一十九条和第一百二十条所赋予的权利。

Article 121. Provided that the consignor and the consignee perform the obligations stipulated on the airfreight transportation contract, they may execute separately, each in their own name, their rights as provided by Articles 119 and 120 of this Law, either for the sake of their own interests or for the interests of others.

第一百二十二条   本法第一百一十九条、第一百二十条和第一百二十一条的规定，不影响托运人同收货人之间的相互关系，也不影响从托运人或者收货人获得权利的第三人之间的关系。

Article 122 The provisions of Articles 119, 120 and 121 of this Law will not affect the mutual relationship between the consignor and the consignee, nor will they affect relations between third parties who have obtained rights from either the consignor or the consignee.

任何与本法第一百一十九条、第一百二十条和第一百二十一条规定不同的合同条款，应当在航空货运单上载明。

Any contractual terms which differ from the provisions of Articles 119, 120 and 121 of this Law must be clearly stated on the air waybill.

第一百二十三条   托运人应当提供必需的资料和文件，以便在货物交付收货人前完成法律、行政法规规定的有关手续；因没有此种资料、文件，或者此种资料、文件不充足或者不符合规定造成的损失，除由于承运人或者其受雇人、代理人的过错造成的外，托运人应当对承运人承担责任。

Article 123 The shipper shall furnish such information and documents as are necessary to meet the formalities provided by laws and administrative rules and regulations before the cargo can be delivered to the consignee. The shipper shall be liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence, insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault of the carrier, his servants or agents.

除法律、行政法规另有规定外，承运人没有对前款规定的资料或者文件进行检查的义务。

The carrier is under no obligation to check such information or documents unless otherwise provided by laws and administrative rules and regulations.

第三节 承运人的责任

Section 3  Carrier's Responsibilities

第一百二十四条   因发生在民用航空器上或者在旅客上、下民用航空器过程中的事件，造成旅客人身伤亡的，承运人应当承担责任；但是，旅客的人身伤亡完全是由于旅客本人的健康状况造成的，承运人不承担责任。

Article 124 The carrier shall be liable for the death or personal injury of a passenger, if the accident took place on board the civil aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking on or disembarking from the civil aircraft; provided that the carrier is not liable if the death or injury resulted solely from the state of health of the passenger.

第一百二十五条   因发生在民用航空器上或者在旅客上、下民用航空器过程中的事件，造成旅客随身携带物品毁灭、遗失或者损坏的，承运人应当承担责任。因发生在航空运输期间的事件，造成旅客的托运行李毁灭、遗失或者损坏的，承运人应当承担责任。

Article 125 The carrier shall be liable for the destruction or loss of, or damage to, any carry-on articles of the passenger, if the occurrence took place on board the civil aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking on or disembarking from the civil aircraft of the passenger. The carrier will also bear liability for the destruction or loss of or damage to the consigned luggage of a passenger which is caused by events occurring during the period of air transport.

旅客随身携带物品或者托运行李的毁灭、遗失或者损坏完全是由于行李本身的自然属性、质量或者缺陷造成的，承运人不承担责任。

The carrier shall not be liable for the destruction or loss of, or damage to, any carry-on articles or checked baggage of the passenger if such destruction or loss or damage resulted solely from the inherent defect, quality or vice of the baggage.

本章所称行李，包括托运行李和旅客随身携带的物品。

For the purposes of this Chapter, baggage includes both checked baggage and the carry-on articles of the passenger.

因发生在航空运输期间的事件，造成货物毁灭、遗失或者损坏的，承运人应当承担责任；但是，承运人证明货物的毁灭、遗失或者损坏完全是由于下列原因之一造成的，不承担责任：

The carrier shall be liable for the destruction or loss of, or damage to, any cargo if the occurrence took place during the transport by air; provided that the carrier is not liable if he proves that the destruction or loss of, or damage to, the cargo resulted solely from one or more of the following:

（一）货物本身的自然属性、质量或者缺陷；

1. Inherent defect, quality or vice of that cargo;

（二）承运人或者其受雇人、代理人以外的人包装货物的，货物包装不良；

(II) Defective packing of that cargo performed by a person other than the carrier or his servants or agents;

（三）战争或者武装冲突；

3. An act of war or an armed conflict;

（四）政府有关部门实施的与货物入境、出境或者过境有关的行为。

(IV) An act of public authority carried out in connection with the entry, exit or transit of the cargo.

本条所称航空运输期间，是指在机场内、民用航空器上或者机场外降落的任何地点，托运行李、货物处于承运人掌管之下的全部期间。

The period of air transport mentioned in this Article refers to the entire period during which the consigned luggage and cargo is handled inside the airport, on board the civil aircraft or at any landing sites outside the airport under the jurisdiction of the carrier.

航空运输期间，不包括机场外的任何陆路运输、海上运输、内河运输过程；但是，此种陆路运输、海上运输、内河运输是为了履行航空运输合同而装载、交付或者转运，在没有相反证据的情况下，所发生的损失视为在航空运输期间发生的损失。

The period of the transport by air does not extend to any transport by land, by sea or by river performed outside an airport; provided that if such transport is used for loading, delivery or transhipment for the performance of a contract of transport by air, any damage took place during such transport is presumed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the damage taken place during the period of transport by air.

第一百二十六条   旅客、行李或者货物在航空运输中因延误造成的损失，承运人应当承担责任；但是，承运人证明本人或者其受雇人、代理人为了避免损失的发生，已经采取一切必要措施或者不可能采取此种措施的，不承担责任。

Article 126 The carrier shall be liable for damage occasioned by delay in the transport by air of passengers, baggage or cargo; provided that the carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his servants or agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.

第一百二十七条   在旅客、行李运输中，经承运人证明，损失是由索赔人的过错造成或者促成的，应当根据造成或者促成此种损失的过错的程度，相应免除或者减轻承运人的责任。旅客以外的其他人就旅客死亡或者受伤提出赔偿请求时，经承运人证明，死亡或者受伤是旅客本人的过错造成或者促成的，同样应当根据造成或者促成此种损失的过错的程度，相应免除或者减轻承运人的责任。

Article 127 In the transport of passengers and baggage, if the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the fault of the claimant, the carrier may be wholly or partly exonerated from his liability in accordance with the extent of the fault that caused or contributed to such damage. Similarly, if it is proved by the carrier that the death or injury of a passenger is caused or contributed to by the passenger himself of herself, the carrier against whom compensation claims for such death or injury have been filed by people other than the passenger himself or herself, will be exempted or reduced according to the seriousness of that fault.

在货物运输中，经承运人证明，损失是由索赔人或者代行权利人的过错造成或者促成的，应当根据造成或者促成此种损失的过错的程度，相应免除或者减轻承运人的责任。

In the transport of cargo, if the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the fault of the person claiming compensation, or the person from whom he derived his right, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from his liability in accordance with the extent of the fault that caused or contributed to such damage.

第一百二十八条   国内航空运输承运人的赔偿责任限额由国务院民用航空主管部门制定，报国务院批准后公布执行。

Article 128 The limits of carrier's liability in domestic air transport shall be formulated by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council and put in force after being approved by the State Council.

旅客或者托运人在交运托运行李或者货物时，特别声明在目的地点交付时的利益，并在必要时支付附加费的，除承运人证明旅客或者托运人声明的金额高于托运行李或者货物在目的地点交付时的实际利益外，承运人应当在声明金额范围内承担责任；本法第一百二十九条的其他规定，除赔偿责任限额外，适用于国内航空运输。

If the passenger or the shipper has made, at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires, the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless he proves that the sum declared by the passenger or shipper is greater than the actual interest of the checked baggage or cargo in delivery at destination; the other provisions of Article 129 of this Law shall be applicable to domestic air transport except the limits of liability.

第一百二十九条   国际航空运输承运人的赔偿责任限额按照下列规定执行：

Article 129 In international air transport, the liability of the carrier shall be as the following:

（一）对每名旅客的赔偿责任限额为16600计算单位；但是，旅客可以同承运人书面约定高于本项规定的赔偿责任限额。

1. The liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum of 16600 units of account. Nevertheless, the passenger may agree with the carrier in writing to a limit of liability higher than that prescribed by this sub-paragraph;

（二）对托运行李或者货物的赔偿责任限额，每公斤为17计算单位。旅客或者托运人在交运托运行李或者货物时，特别声明在目的地点交付时的利益，并在必要时支付附加费的，除承运人证明旅客或者托运人声明的金额高于托运行李或者货物在目的地点交付时的实际利益外，承运人应当在声明金额范围内承担责任。

(II) The liability of the carrier for each kilogram of checked baggage or cargo is limited to a sum of 17 units of account. Where the passenger or the shipper has made, at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum if the case so requires, the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless he proves that the sum declared by the passenger or shipper is greater than the actual interest of the checked baggage or cargo in delivery at destination.

托运行李或者货物的一部分或者托运行李、货物中的任何物件毁灭、遗失、损坏或者延误的，用以确定承运人赔偿责任限额的重量，仅为该一包件或者数包件的总重量；但是，因托运行李或者货物的一部分或者托运行李、货物中的任何物件的毁灭、遗失、损坏或者延误，影响同一份行李票或者同一份航空货运单所列其他包件的价值的，确定承运人的赔偿责任限额时，此种包件的总重量也应当考虑在内。

The limit on liability for compensation for the carrier for destruction, loss, damage or delay in relation to part of or any piece of the consigned luggage or cargo will be determined by the total weight of one or several pieces of such consigned luggage or cargo. However, the limit on liability for compensation for the carrier for the decrease in value of other pieces included in the same luggage ticket or in the same air waybill caused by the destruction, loss, damage or delay in relation to part of or any piece of the consigned luggage or cargo will be determined with reference to the total weight of the devalued pieces.

（三）对每名旅客随身携带的物品的赔偿责任限额为332计算单位。

(III) The liability of the carrier for carry-on baggage of a passenger is limited to 332 units of account per passenger.

第一百三十条   任何旨在免除本法规定的承运人责任或者降低本法规定的赔偿责任限额的条款，均属无效；但是，此种条款的无效，不影响整个航空运输合同的效力。

Article 130. Any clauses aimed at exempting the carrier from the liabilities stipulated in this Law or aimed at reducing the limits on liability for compensation stipulated in this Law are invalid. However, the invalidity of such clauses will not affect the validity of the entire air transport contract.

第一百三十一条   有关航空运输中发生的损失的诉讼，不论其根据如何，只能依照本法规定的条件和赔偿责任限额提出，但是不妨碍谁有权提起诉讼以及他们各自的权利。

Article 131. Any lawsuits over loss incurred during air transport, based on whatever grounds, may only be filed on the basis of the conditions and limits on liability for compensation stipulated in this Law. However, this will not restrict persons with rights from filing a lawsuit or exercising any other of their rights.

第一百三十二条   经证明，航空运输中的损失是由于承运人或者其受雇人、代理人的故意或者明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的，承运人无权援用本法第一百二十八条、第一百二十九条有关赔偿责任限制的规定；证明承运人的受雇人、代理人有此种作为或者不作为的，还应当证明该受雇人、代理人是在受雇、代理范围内行事。

Article 132 The carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of Articles 128 and 129 of this Law concerning the limit of liability if it is proved that the damage in the air transport resulted from an act or omission of the carrier, his servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result; provided that, in the case of such act or omission of a servant or agent of the carrier, it is also proved that he was acting within the scope of his employment.

第一百三十三条   就航空运输中的损失向承运人的受雇人、代理人提起诉讼时，该受雇人、代理人证明他是在受雇、代理范围内行事的，有权援用本法第一百二十八条、第一百二十九条有关赔偿责任限制的规定。

Article 133 When a lawsuit has been brought against the employee or the agent of the carrier in respect of the loss incurred during air transport, the employee or the agent has the right to invoke the provisions of Articles 128 and 129 of this Law concerning the limits on liability for compensation if he or she can prove that he or she acted within the scope of his or her employment or agency.

在前款规定情形下，承运人及其受雇人、代理人的赔偿总额不得超过法定的赔偿责任限额。

The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, his servants and agents, in the case provided in the preceding paragraph, shall not exceed the statutory limits of liability.

经证明，航空运输中的损失是由于承运人的受雇人、代理人的故意或者明知可能造成损失而轻率地作为或者不作为造成的，不适用本条第一款和第二款的规定。

The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply if it is proved that the damage in air transport resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent of the carrier done with the intent to cause damage or recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result.

第一百三十四条   旅客或者收货人收受托运行李或者货物而未提出异议，为托运行李或者货物已经完好交付并与运输凭证相符的初步证据。

Article 134 The fact that a passenger or the consignee has claimed his or her consigned luggage or cargo without making any objection is prima facie evidence that there has been complete and proper delivery of the consigned luggage or cargo and compliance with relevant transport vouchers.

托运行李或者货物发生损失的，旅客或者收货人应当在发现损失后向承运人提出异议。托运行李发生损失的，至迟应当自收到托运行李之日起七日内提出；货物发生损失的，至迟应当自收到货物之日起十四日内提出。托运行李或者货物发生延误的，至迟应当自托运行李或者货物交付旅客或者收货人处置之日起二十一日内提出。

In the case of damage to checked baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignee must complain to the carrier promptly after the discovery of the damage. Complaints about loss of consigned luggage must be made within seven (7) days from the date of receipt of the luggage in question; while complaints about loss of cargo must be made within 14 days from the date of receipt of the cargo in question. In the case of delay the complaint must be made at the latest within 21 days from the date on which the checked baggage or cargo have been placed at the disposition of the passenger or consignee.

任何异议均应当在前款规定的期间内写在运输凭证上或者另以书面提出。

Every complaint must be made in writing upon the document of transport or by separate notice dispatched within the periods prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

除承运人有欺诈行为外，旅客或者收货人未在本条第二款规定的期间内提出异议的，不能向承运人提出索赔诉讼。

Unless the carrier is proved to have engaged in misleading conduct, the passenger or the consignee who fails to make a complaint within the time limits stipulated in paragraph 2 of this Article has no right to claim compensation from the carrier.

第一百三十五条   航空运输的诉讼时效期间为二年，自民用航空器到达目的地点、应当到达目的地点或者运输终止之日起计算。

Article 135. The prescribed period of validity for air transport litigation is two (2) years, commencing from the arrival date of the civil aircraft at the place of destination, the originally scheduled arrival date at the place of destination or the date of termination of the transport.

第一百三十六条   由几个航空承运人办理的连续运输，接受旅客、行李或者货物的每一个承运人应当受本法规定的约束，并就其根据合同办理的运输区段作为运输合同的订约一方。

Article 136. In relation to connecting transport undertaken by several air transport carriers in succession, each of these carriers handling the passenger, the luggage or the cargo will be bound by the provisions of this Law and will act as one of the signing parties to the transport contract under which it is responsible for one specified transport zone.

对前款规定的连续运输，除合同明文约定第一承运人应当对全程运输承担责任外，旅客或者其继承人只能对发生事故或者延误的运输区段的承运人提起诉讼。

With regard to connecting transport as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, unless the contract states in explicit terms that the first carrier will bear liability for the entire transport process, the passenger or his or her beneficiaries can only take legal proceedings against the carrier responsible for the specified transport zone where the accident or delays occurred.

托运行李或者货物的毁灭、遗失、损坏或者延误，旅客或者托运人有权对第一承运人提起诉讼，旅客或者收货人有权对最后承运人提起诉讼，旅客、托运人和收货人均可以对发生毁灭、遗失、损坏或者延误的运输区段的承运人提起诉讼。上述承运人应当对旅客、托运人或者收货人承担连带责任。

As regards checked baggage or cargo, the passenger or shipper shall have the right of action against the first carrier, and the passenger or consignee shall have the right of action against the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier who performed the part of transport during which the destruction, loss, damage, or delay took place. The carriers mentioned above must bear joint liability to passengers, consignors or consignees.

第四节 实际承运人履行航空运输的特别规定

Section 4  Special Provisions Governing Air Transport Performed by Actual Carrier  

第一百三十七条   本节所称缔约承运人，是指以本人名义与旅客或者托运人，或者与旅客或者托运人的代理人，订立本章调整的航空运输合同的人。

Article 137. The contracting carrier mentioned in this Section refers to a person who, in his or her own name, enters into, with a passenger or a consignor, or with an agent of the passenger or the consignor, the air transport contracts regulated in this Chapter.

本节所称实际承运人，是指根据缔约承运人的授权，履行前款全部或者部分运输的人，不是指本章规定的连续承运人；在没有相反证明时，此种授权被认为是存在的。

The actual carrier mentioned in this Section refers to a person who performs the whole or part of the transport process stipulated in the preceding paragraph upon authorisation of the contracting carrier. The actual carrier will not be considered as a connecting carrier as stipulated in this Chapter. Provided that there is no evidence to the contrary, this authorisation is regarded as valid.

第一百三十八条   除本节另有规定外，缔约承运人和实际承运人都应当受本章规定的约束。缔约承运人应当对合同约定的全部运输负责。实际承运人应当对其履行的运输负责。

Article 138. Except if otherwise stipulated in this Section, the contracting carrier and the actual carrier will both be bound by the provisions of this Chapter. The contracting carrier shall be responsible for all the transport specified in the contract. The actual carrier shall be responsible for the transport which he performs.

第一百三十九条   实际承运人的作为和不作为，实际承运人的受雇人、代理人在受雇、代理范围内的作为和不作为，关系到实际承运人履行的运输的，应当视为缔约承运人的作为和不作为。

Article 139 The acts and omissions of an actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the transport performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the contracting carrier.

缔约承运人的作为和不作为，缔约承运人的受雇人、代理人在受雇、代理范围内的作为和不作为，关系到实际承运人履行的运输的，应当视为实际承运人的作为和不作为；但是，实际承运人承担的责任不因此种作为或者不作为而超过法定的赔偿责任限额。

The acts and omissions of the contracting carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment shall, in relation to the transport performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to be also those of the actual carrier. Nevertheless, no such act or omission shall subject the actual carrier to liability exceeding the legal limits.

任何有关缔约承运人承担本章未规定的义务或者放弃本章赋予的权利的特别协议，或者任何有关依照本法第一百二十八条、第一百二十九条规定所作的在目的地点交付时利益的特别声明，除经实际承运人同意外，均不得影响实际承运人。

Except if agreed by the actual carrier, any special agreements entered into by the contracting carrier concerning the performance of obligations not stipulated in this Chapter or concerning the waiving of any rights under this Chapter, or any special declarations made by the contracting carrier about the interests at the time of delivery in the place of destination in accordance with the provisions of Articles 128 and 129 of this Law, will not affect the actual carrier.

第一百四十条   依照本章规定提出的索赔或者发出的指示，无论是向缔约承运人还是向实际承运人提出或者发出的，具有同等效力；但是，本法第一百一十九条规定的指示，只在向缔约承运人发出时，方有效。

Article 140. All compensation claims or instructions regardless of whether they are filed against or issued to the contracting carrier or to the actual carrier, in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, will be equally valid. However, the instructions stipulated in Article 119 of this Law will become effective only when issued to the contracting carrier.

第一百四十一条   实际承运人的受雇人、代理人或者缔约承运人的受雇人、代理人，证明他是在受雇、代理范围内行事的，就实际承运人履行的运输而言，有权援用本法第一百二十八条、第一百二十九条有关赔偿责任限制的规定，但是依照本法规定不得援用赔偿责任限制规定的除外。

Article 141 In relation to the transport performed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of that carrier or of the contracting carrier shall, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment, be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of Articles 128 and 129 of this Law concerning the limits of liability, unless he acted in a manner which, under the provisions of this Law, prevents the limits of liability from being invoked.

第一百四十二条   对于实际承运人履行的运输，实际承运人、缔约承运人以及他们的在受雇、代理范围内行事的受雇人、代理人的赔偿总额不得超过依照本法得以从缔约承运人或者实际承运人获得赔偿的最高数额；但是，其中任何人都不承担超过对他适用的赔偿责任限额。

Article 142. In relation to transport carried out by the actual carrier, the total amount of compensation paid by the actual carrier and the contracting carrier, as well as by their employee or agent within the scope of his or her employment or agency, must not exceed the maximum amount of compensation that can be obtained from the contracting carrier or the actual carrier in accordance with the law. The amount of compensation must not exceed the limits on liability for compensation applicable to any of the above persons.

第一百四十三条   对实际承运人履行的运输提起的诉讼，可以分别对实际承运人或者缔约承运人提起，也可以同时对实际承运人和缔约承运人提起；被提起诉讼的承运人有权要求另一承运人参加应诉。

Article 143. A lawsuit concerning transport carried out by the actual carrier may be initiated either separately against the actual carrier and the contracting carrier or jointly against both. The carrier sued in a lawsuit has the right to request another carrier to participate as a defendant in the litigation.

第一百四十四条   除本法第一百四十三条规定外，本节规定不影响实际承运人和缔约承运人之间的权利、义务。

Article 144 Except for the provisions of Article 143 of this Law, the provisions of this Section will not affect the rights and obligations between the actual carrier and the contracting carrier.

第十章 通用航空

Chapter 10 General Aviation

第一百四十五条   通用航空，是指使用民用航空器从事公共航空运输以外的民用航空活动，包括从事工业、农业、林业、渔业和建筑业的作业飞行以及医疗卫生、抢险救灾、气象探测、海洋监测、科学实验、教育训练、文化体育等方面的飞行活动。

Article 145. General purpose aviation refers to the use of civil aircraft for civil aviation activities other than public air transport, Such activities include the flights for industrial, agricultural, forestry, fishery and construction sectors and the flight activities carried out in the fields of public health and medicine, disaster relief and rescue, meteorological survey, ocean monitoring, scientific experiments, educational training, culture and sports.

第一百四十六条   从事通用航空活动，应当具备下列条件：

Article 146 The operation of general aviation shall satisfy the following conditions:

（一）有与所从事的通用航空活动相适应，符合保证飞行安全要求的民用航空器；

1. The availability of civil aircraft suitable to the general aviation activities to be operated and conforming to the requirements of ensuring flight safety;

（二）有必需的依法取得执照的航空人员；

2. It has the necessary airmen who have been issued licences according to law;

（三）符合法律、行政法规规定的其他条件。

(III) Other conditions as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.

从事经营性通用航空，限于企业法人。

The operation of general aviation for commercial purposes is limited to corporate enterprises.

第一百四十七条   从事非经营性通用航空的，应当向国务院民用航空主管部门办理登记。

Article 147 Those engaged in general aviation operations not for commercial purposes shall register with the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council.

从事经营性通用航空的，应当向国务院民用航空主管部门申请领取通用航空经营许可证。

Those engaged in general aviation operations for commercial purposes shall apply to the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council for general aviation operating licences.

第一百四十八条   通用航空企业从事经营性通用航空活动，应当与用户订立书面合同，但是紧急情况下的救护或者救灾飞行除外。

Article 148. A general purpose aviation enterprise engaged in general purpose aviation activities of a business nature must enter into written contracts with its clients, except for emergency rescues or disaster relief flights.

第一百四十九条   组织实施作业飞行时，应当采取有效措施，保证飞行安全，保护环境和生态平衡，防止对环境、居民、作物或者牲畜等造成损害。

Article 149 In organizing and carrying out aerial work, effective measures shall be taken to ensure flight safety, protect environment and ecological balance and prevent damage to be caused to environment, residents, crops or livestock.

第一百五十条   从事通用航空活动的，应当投保地面第三人责任险。

Article 150 Those engaged in general aviation operations shall be covered by insurance against liability for third parties on the surface.

第十一章 搜寻援救和事故调查

Chapter 11 Search, Rescue and Accident Investigation

第一百五十一条   民用航空器遇到紧急情况时，应当发送信号，并向空中交通管制单位报告，提出援救请求；空中交通管制单位应当立即通知搜寻援救协调中心。民用航空器在海上遇到紧急情况时，还应当向船舶和国家海上搜寻援救组织发送信号。

Article 151 A civil aircraft in emergency shall flash signals and report to air traffic control unit to request rescue; the air traffic control unit shall notify immediately the search and rescue coordination centre. In case of civil aircraft emergency at sea, the civil aircraft must also send distress signals to nearby vessels and to the State's maritime search and rescue bodies.

第一百五十二条   发现民用航空器遇到紧急情况或者收听到民用航空器遇到紧急情况的信号的单位或者个人，应当立即通知有关的搜寻援救协调中心、海上搜寻援救组织或者当地人民政府。

Article 152. Units or individuals who discover civil aircraft in distress or receive the distress signals sent by civil aircraft must immediately inform the relevant search and rescue coordination centre, maritime search and rescue bodies or local people's governments.

第一百五十三条   收到通知的搜寻援救协调中心、地方人民政府和海上搜寻援救组织，应当立即组织搜寻援救。

Article 153 Upon receiving the notification, the search and rescue coordination centre, the local People's Government and the maritime search and rescue service shall immediately organize the search and rescue operation.

收到通知的搜寻援救协调中心，应当设法将已经采取的搜寻援救措施通知遇到紧急情况的民用航空器。

Upon receipt of notice of an emergency, the search and rescue coordination centre must try all possible means to inform the civil aircraft in distress of the fact that search-and-rescue measures are being carried out.

搜寻援救民用航空器的具体办法，由国务院规定。

The specific measures for searching and rescuing civil aircraft shall be formulated by the State Council.

第一百五十四条   执行搜寻援救任务的单位或者个人，应当尽力抢救民用航空器所载人员，按照规定对民用航空器采取抢救措施并保护现场，保存证据。

Article 154. Units or individuals carrying out the search-and-rescue task must do their utmost to rescue the personnel on board the civil aircraft in distress, adopt measures to save the civil aircraft, keep the scene of the accident intact and preserve evidence in accordance with relevant regulations.

第一百五十五条   民用航空器事故的当事人以及有关人员在接受调查时，应当如实提供现场情况和与事故有关的情节。

Article 155. During an investigation of a civil aircraft accident, the parties directly involved and relevant personnel must give a true account of the accident and detailed information related to the accident.

第一百五十六条   民用航空器事故调查的组织和程序，由国务院规定。

Article 156 The organization and procedures of the investigation of civil aircraft accident shall be prescribed by the State Council.

第十二章 对地面第三人损害的赔偿责任

Chapter 12 Liability for Damage to Third Parties on the Surface

第一百五十七条   因飞行中的民用航空器或者从飞行中的民用航空器上落下的人或者物，造成地面（包括水面，下同）上的人身伤亡或者财产损害的，受害人有权获得赔偿；但是，所受损害并非造成损害的事故的直接后果，或者所受损害仅是民用航空器依照国家有关的空中交通规则在空中通过造成的，受害人无权要求赔偿。

Article 157 Any person on the surface (including water surface, the same below) who suffers death or personal injury or damage to property caused by a civil aircraft in flight or by any person or thing falling therefrom shall be entitled to compensation. Nevertheless, the person suffers damage shall have no right to compensation if the damage is not a direct consequence of the incident giving rise thereto, or if the damage results from the mere fact of passage of the civil aircraft through the airspace in conformity with air traffic regulations concerned of the State.

前款所称飞行中，是指自民用航空器为实际起飞而使用动力时起至着陆冲程终了时止；就轻于空气的民用航空器而言，飞行中是指自其离开地面时起至其重新着地时止。

The term "in flight" mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the process which starts from the moment civil aircraft uses engine power to effect a take-off and ends with the termination of the taxiing of the civil aircraft at landing. In case of civil aircraft lighter than air, the term "in flight" refers to the process which starts from the moment the aircraft leaves the ground and ends with the moment it touches down again.

第一百五十八条   本法第一百五十七条规定的赔偿责任，由民用航空器的经营人承担。

Article 158 The liability for compensation stipulated in Article 157 of this Law will be borne by the operator of the civil aircraft.

前款所称经营人，是指损害发生时使用民用航空器的人。民用航空器的使用权已经直接或者间接地授予他人，本人保留对该民用航空器的航行控制权的，本人仍被视为经营人。

The operator mentioned in the preceding paragraph means the person who was making use of the civil aircraft at the time the damage was caused. A person will still be regarded as the operator of civil aircraft if he or she retains the right of flight control in respect of the civil aircraft, even if the right to use the civil aircraft has been directly or indirectly delegated to others.

经营人的受雇人、代理人在受雇、代理过程中使用民用航空器，无论是否在其受雇、代理范围内行事，均视为经营人使用民用航空器。

The operator shall be considered to be making use of a civil aircraft when his servants or agents are using the civil aircraft in the course of their employment, whether or not within the scope of their employment.

民用航空器登记的所有人应当被视为经营人，并承担经营人的责任；除非在判定其责任的诉讼中，所有人证明经营人是他人，并在法律程序许可的范围内采取适当措施使该人成为诉讼当事人之一。

The registered owner of a civil aircraft will be regarded as the operator of the civil aircraft and will assume the responsibilities of the operator. This will not be the case if the owner can prove in a lawsuit which make orders on liabilities that the operator is another person. The owner may then adopt measures permitted by legal procedures to have that other person become a defendant in the lawsuit.

第一百五十九条   未经对民用航空器有航行控制权的人同意而使用民用航空器，对地面第三人造成损害的，有航行控制权的人除证明本人已经适当注意防止此种使用外，应当与该非法使用人承担连带责任。

Article 159 If a person makes use of a civil aircraft without the consent of the person entitled to its navigational control and caused a damage to third parties on the surface, the person entitled to the navigation control, unless he proves that he has exercised due care to prevent such use, shall be jointly and severally liable with the unlawful user.

第一百六十条   损害是武装冲突或者骚乱的直接后果，依照本章规定应当承担责任的人不承担责任。

Article 160 Any person who would otherwise be liable under the provisions of this Chapter shall not be liable if the damage is the direct consequence of armed conflict or civil disturbance.

依照本章规定应当承担责任的人对民用航空器的使用权业经国家机关依法剥夺的，不承担责任。

The person liable for damage as stipulated in this Chapter will not be held responsible for the lawful deprivation by the State of the right to use civil aircraft.

第一百六十一条   依照本章规定应当承担责任的人证明损害是完全由于受害人或者其受雇人、代理人的过错造成的，免除其赔偿责任；应当承担责任的人证明损害是部分由于受害人或者其受雇人、代理人的过错造成的，相应减轻其赔偿责任。但是，损害是由于受害人的受雇人、代理人的过错造成时，受害人证明其受雇人、代理人的行为超出其所授权的范围的，不免除或者不减轻应当承担责任的人的赔偿责任。

Article 161. The person liable for damage as stipulated in this Chapter will be exempted from his or her liability for compensation if he or she can prove that the damage was entirely caused by the fault of the aggrieved person or by the fault of the employee or the agent of the aggrieved person. The liability for compensation of the person liable for the damage will be reduced accordingly if he or she can prove that the damage was partly caused by the fault of the aggrieved person or by the fault of the employee or the agent of the aggrieved person. However, where damage is caused by the employee or the agent of the aggrieved person and where the aggrieved person can prove that the conduct of his or her employee or agent has exceeded the scope of his or her authorization, the liability for compensation of the person liable for damage will neither be exempted nor reduced.

一人对另一人的死亡或者伤害提起诉讼，请求赔偿时，损害是该另一人或者其受雇人、代理人的过错造成的，适用前款规定。

The provisions of the preceding paragraph apply to the case where one person brings a lawsuit against another person to claim for compensation for death or injury and the loss is caused by the fault of that other person or their employee or agent.

第一百六十二条   两个以上的民用航空器在飞行中相撞或者相扰，造成本法第一百五十七条规定的应当赔偿的损害，或者两个以上的民用航空器共同造成此种损害的，各有关民用航空器均应当被认为已经造成此种损害，各有关民用航空器的经营人均应当承担责任。

Article 162 Where two or more civil aircraft collide with or disturb one another resulting in damage for which there is a liability for compensation as stipulated in Article 157, or where such damage was caused jointly by two or more civil aircraft, every civil aircraft involved will be considered the cause of the damage and the operator of every civil aircraft involved will bear liability accordingly.

第一百六十三条   本法第一百五十八条第四款和第一百五十九条规定的人，享有依照本章规定经营人所能援用的抗辩权。

Article 163. The persons stipulated in paragraph 4 of Article 158 and in Article 159 of this Law have the right of counterplea stipulated in this Chapter which can be invoked by the operator.

第一百六十四条   除本章有明确规定外，经营人、所有人和本法第一百五十九条规定的应当承担责任的人，以及他们的受雇人、代理人，对于飞行中的民用航空器或者从飞行中的民用航空器上落下的人或者物造成的地面上的损害不承担责任，但是故意造成此种损害的人除外。

Article 164 Neither the operator, the owner, any person liable under Article 159 of this Law, nor their respective servants or agents, shall be liable for damage on the surface caused by a civil aircraft in flight or any person or thing falling therefrom otherwise than as expressly provided in this Chapter, except any such person who has caused the damage deliberately.

第一百六十五条   本章不妨碍依照本章规定应当对损害承担责任的人向他人追偿的权利。

Article 165. The provisions of this Chapter will not prevent the right of the person liable for damages stipulated in this Chapter to seek compensation from others.

第一百六十六条   民用航空器的经营人应当投保地面第三人责任险或者取得相应的责任担保。

Article 166 The operator of civil aircraft must take out liability insurance for third parties on the ground or secure an equivalent liability guarantee.

第一百六十七条   保险人和担保人除享有与经营人相同的抗辩权，以及对伪造证件进行抗辩的权利外，对依照本章规定提出的赔偿请求只能进行下列抗辩：

Article 167 The insurer or the guarantor may, in addition to the defences available to the operator, and the defence of forgery, set up only the following defences against claims brought up in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter:

（一）损害发生在保险或者担保终止有效后；然而保险或者担保在飞行中期满的，该项保险或者担保在飞行计划中所载下一次降落前继续有效，但是不得超过二十四小时；

1. That the damage occurred after the insurance or guarantee ceased to be effective. However, if the insurance or guarantee expires during a flight, it should be continued in force until the next landing specified in the flight plan, but no longer than twenty-four hours;

（二）损害发生在保险或者担保所指定的地区范围外，除非飞行超出该范围是由于不可抗力、援助他人所必需，或者驾驶、航行或者领航上的差错造成的。

(II) That the damage occurred outside the territorial limits provided by the insurance or guarantee, unless flight outside of such limits was caused by force majeure, assistance justified by the circumstances or an error in piloting, operation or navigation.

前款关于保险或者担保继续有效的规定，只在对受害人有利时适用。

The continuation in force of the insurance and guarantee under the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply only for the benefit of the person suffering damage.

第一百六十八条   仅在下列情形下，受害人可以直接对保险人或者担保人提起诉讼，但是不妨碍受害人根据有关保险合同或者担保合同的法律规定提起直接诉讼的权利：

Article 168 Without prejudice to any right of direct action which the person suffering damage may have under the law governing the contract of insurance or guarantee, such person may bring a direct action against the insurer or guarantor only in the following cases:

（一）根据本法第一百六十七条第（一）项、第（二）项规定，保险或者担保继续有效的；

1. Where the insurance or guarantee is continued in force under the provisions of sub-paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 167 of this Law,

（二）经营人破产的。

(II) The bankruptcy of the operator.

除本法第一百六十七条第一款规定的抗辩权，保险人或者担保人对受害人依照本章规定提起的直接诉讼不得以保险或者担保的无效或者追溯力终止为由进行抗辩。

Except for the right of counterplea stipulated in paragraph 1 of Article 167 of this Law, the insurer or guarantor may not rely on the invalidity of or termination of the retrospective force of the insurance or guarantee to counter a direct lawsuit initiated by an aggrieved person pursuant to the provisions of this Chapter.

第一百六十九条   依照本法第一百六十六条规定提供的保险或者担保，应当被专门指定优先支付本章规定的赔偿。

Article 169. The insurance or guarantee that is provided in accordance with the provisions of Article 166 of this Law must be used first to pay the compensation stipulated in this Chapter.

第一百七十条   保险人应当支付给经营人的款项，在本章规定的第三人的赔偿请求未满足前，不受经营人的债权人的扣留和处理。

Article 170 Any sum due to an operator from an insurer shall be exempt from seizure and execution by creditors of the operator until claims of third parties under this Chapter have been satisfied.

第一百七十一条   地面第三人损害赔偿的诉讼时效期间为二年，自损害发生之日起计算；但是，在任何情况下，时效期间不得超过自损害发生之日起三年。

Article 171. The limitation period for lawsuits over compensation for damage to a third party on the ground is two (2) years and will be calculated from the day when the damage occurred. However, the limitation period for lawsuits over compensation cannot, under any circumstances, exceed three (3) years starting on the day when the damage occurred.

第一百七十二条   本章规定不适用于下列损害：

Article 172 The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to the following damages:

（一）对飞行中的民用航空器或者对该航空器上的人或者物造成的损害；

1. The damage caused to a civil aircraft in flight, or to persons or cargo on board such aircraft;

（二）为受害人同经营人或者同发生损害时对民用航空器有使用权的人订立的合同所约束，或者为适用两方之间的劳动合同的法律有关职工赔偿的规定所约束的损害；

(II) The damage which is regulated either by a contract between the person who suffers such damage and the operator or the person entitled to use the civil aircraft at the time the damage occurred, or by the law relating to workman's compensation applicable to a contract of employment between such persons;

（三）核损害。

3. Nuclear damage.

第十三章 对外国民用航空器的特别规定

Chapter 13 Special Provisions Governing Foreign Civil Aircraft

第一百七十三条   外国人经营的外国民用航空器，在中华人民共和国境内从事民用航空活动，适用本章规定；本章没有规定的，适用本法其他有关规定。

Article 173 The provisions of this Chapter are applicable to foreign civil aircraft operated by foreigners and engaged in civil aviation activities in the territory of the People's Republic of China; where no provisions are available in this Chapter, other provisions concerned in this Law shall apply.

第一百七十四条   外国民用航空器根据其国籍登记国政府与中华人民共和国政府签订的协定、协议的规定，或者经中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准或者接受，方可飞入、飞出中华人民共和国领空和在中华人民共和国境内飞行、降落。

Article 174. Foreign civil aircraft can only fly into and out of the territorial airspace of the People's Republic of China or fly and land within the territory of the People's Republic of China on the condition that they observe the provisions of treaties and agreements signed between the countries of their nationality registration and the government of the People's Republic of China, or that they have obtained permission or approval from the State Council department in charge of civil aviation of the People's Republic of China.

对不符合前款规定，擅自飞入、飞出中华人民共和国领空的外国民用航空器，中华人民共和国有关机关有权采取必要措施，令其在指定的机场降落；对虽然符合前款规定，但是有合理的根据认为需要对其进行检查的，有关机关有权令其在指定的机场降落。

Where foreign civil aircraft, without authorisation, fly into and out of the territorial airspace of the People's Republic of China in violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph, relevant organs of the People's Republic of China will have the right to adopt necessary measures to force such foreign civil aircraft to land at designated airports. Where foreign civil aircraft comply with the provisions of the preceding paragraph but the relevant organs decide it necessary on reasonable grounds to conduct checks on such foreign civil aircraft, the organs will have the right to order the foreign civil aircraft to land in designated airports.

第一百七十五条   外国民用航空器飞入中华人民共和国领空，其经营人应当提供有关证明书，证明其已经投保地面第三人责任险或者已经取得相应的责任担保；其经营人未提供有关证明书的，中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门有权拒绝其飞入中华人民共和国领空。

Article 175 The operator of foreign civil aircraft entering the airspace of the People's Republic of China shall furnish relevant certificate (s) to prove that he has been covered by insurance against liability for third parties on the surface, or obtained corresponding guarantee; where the operator fails to furnish the relevant certificate (s), the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China has the right to refuse him to operate into the airspace of the People's Republic of China.

第一百七十六条   外国民用航空器的经营人经其本国政府指定，并取得中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门颁发的经营许可证，方可经营中华人民共和国政府与该外国政府签订的协定、协议规定的国际航班运输；外国民用航空器的经营人经其本国政府批准，并获得中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准，方可经营中华人民共和国境内一地和境外一地之间的不定期航空运输。

Article 176 The operator of a foreign civil aircraft may operate the international scheduled air services specified in the air transport agreement concluded between the Government of the People's Republic of China and his own government only after he has been designated by his own government and obtained the operating licence issued by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China; the operator of a foreign civil aircraft may operate non-scheduled air transport between a place within the territory of the People's Republic of China and a place without said territory only after he has been approved by his own government and by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China.

前款规定的外国民用航空器经营人，应当依照中华人民共和国法律、行政法规的规定，制定相应的安全保卫方案，报中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门备案。

The operator of foreign civil aircraft mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall, in accordance with the provisions of the laws and administrative rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China, formulate corresponding plan of security and submit it to the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China for the record.

第一百七十七条   外国民用航空器的经营人，不得经营中华人民共和国境内两点之间的航空运输。

Article 177 No operator of foreign civil aircraft shall operate the air transport between two points in the People's Republic of China.

第一百七十八条   外国民用航空器，应当按照中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准的班期时刻或者飞行计划飞行；变更班期时刻或者飞行计划的，其经营人应当获得中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门的批准；因故变更或者取消飞行的，其经营人应当及时报告中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门。

Article 178. Foreign civil aircraft must fly in accordance with the flight schedule or the flight plan approved by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation of the People's Republic of China. The operator must obtain the approval of the State Council department in charge of civil aviation of the People's Republic of China in case the operator needs to make any changes to the flight schedule or the flight plan. The operator must promptly inform the State Council department in charge of civil aviation of the People's Republic of China of any changes to or cancellation of the flights.

第一百七十九条   外国民用航空器应当在中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门指定的设关机场起飞或者降落。

Article 179. Foreign civil aircraft must take off or land at airports with Customs inspection services which are designated by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation of the People's Republic of China.

第一百八十条   中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门和其他主管机关，有权在外国民用航空器降落或者飞出时查验本法第九十条规定的文件。

Article 180. The State Council department in charge of civil aviation and other competent departments of the People's Republic of China have the right to examine the documents stipulated in Article 90 of this Law upon the landing or departure of foreign civil aircraft.

外国民用航空器及其所载人员、行李、货物，应当接受中华人民共和国有关主管机关依法实施的入境出境、海关、检疫等检查。

Foreign civil aircraft and the persons, baggage and cargo carried therein shall be subject to entry, exit, customs, quarantine and other inspections exercised by the competent authorities concerned of the People's Republic of China according to law.

实施前两款规定的查验、检查，应当避免不必要的延误。

In exercising the inspections prescribed in the two preceding paragraphs, unnecessary delay shall be prevented.

第一百八十一条   外国民用航空器国籍登记国发给或者核准的民用航空器适航证书、机组人员合格证书和执照，中华人民共和国政府承认其有效；但是，发给或者核准此项证书或者执照的要求，应当等于或者高于国际民用航空组织制定的最低标准。

Article 181 The civil aircraft certificates of airworthiness and certificates of competency and licences of crew members issued or rendered valid by the State in which the nationality of a foreign civil aircraft is registered, shall be recognized as valid by the Government of the People's Republic of China, provided that the requirements under which such certificates or licences were issued or rendered valid shall be equal to or above the minimum standards established by the International Civil Aviation Organization.

第一百八十二条   外国民用航空器在中华人民共和国搜寻援救区内遇险，其所有人或者国籍登记国参加搜寻援救工作，应当经中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准或者按照两国政府协议进行。

Article 182. Where a foreign civil aircraft is in distress within the search-and-rescue zone of the People's Republic of China, the owner or the country of nationality registration of the civil aircraft which intends to participate in the search-and-rescue work will first be subject to approval by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation of the People's Republic of China or must act in accordance with the provisions stipulated in the agreements entered into between the two governments.

第一百八十三条   外国民用航空器在中华人民共和国境内发生事故，其国籍登记国和其他有关国家可以指派观察员参加事故调查。事故调查报告和调查结果，由中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门告知该外国民用航空器的国籍登记国和其他有关国家。

Article 183. Where a foreign civil aircraft is involved in an accident within the territory of the People's Republic of China, the country of nationality registration and other relevant countries of the civil aircraft may send people to participate in the accident investigation as observers. The report and results of the accident investigation will be conveyed by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation of the People's Republic of China to the country of nationality registration of the civil aircraft and to other relevant countries.

第十四章 涉外关系的法律适用

Chapter 14 Application of Law in Foreign Affairs

第一百八十四条   中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同本法有不同规定的，适用国际条约的规定；但是，中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。

Article 184 If any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China contains provisions differing from those of this Law, the provisions of the international treaty shall apply, unless the provisions are ones on which the People's Republic of China has made reservations.

中华人民共和国法律和中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约没有规定的，可以适用国际惯例。

In respect of cases which are not provided by the law of the People's Republic of China or by the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China, international practices may apply.

第一百八十五条   民用航空器所有权的取得、转让和消灭，适用民用航空器国籍登记国法律。

Article 185. The laws of the country of nationality registration of civil aircraft will apply to the acquisition, assignment and termination of the ownership of civil aircraft.

第一百八十六条   民用航空器抵押权适用民用航空器国籍登记国法律。

Article 186 The law of the State in which the nationality of a civil aircraft is registered shall be applicable to the mortgage of the civil aircraft.

第一百八十七条   民用航空器优先权适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。

Article 187 The law of the location of the court which accepts a case will apply to the rights of priority to civil aircraft.

第一百八十八条   民用航空运输合同当事人可以选择合同适用的法律，但是法律另有规定的除外；合同当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。

Article 188. Except if otherwise stipulated by law, the parties to a civil air transport contract may choose which laws apply to that contract. Where the parties to a contract do not so choose, the law of the country which is most closely related to the contract will apply.

第一百八十九条   民用航空器对地面第三人的损害赔偿，适用侵权行为地法律。

Article 189 The law of the place where an act of tort occurred shall be applicable to indemnity for damage caused by a civil aircraft to third parties on the surface.

民用航空器在公海上空对水面第三人的损害赔偿，适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。

The law of the location of the court which takes up the case shall be applicable to the indemnity for damage caused by civil aircraft over the high seas to third parties on the surface.

第一百九十条   依照本章规定适用外国法律或者国际惯例，不得违背中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。

Article 190 The application of foreign laws or international custom in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter must not infringe upon the social and public interests of the People's Republic of China.

第十五章 法律责任

Chapter 15 Legal Liabilities

第一百九十一条   以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法劫持航空器的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 191. Those who hijack civil aircraft by force, threat or other means will be held criminally liable in accordance with the Decision on the Punishment of Hijackings.

第一百九十二条   对飞行中的民用航空器上的人员使用暴力，危及飞行安全的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 192 Those who, during the flight of a civil aircraft, endanger flight safety by means of force but serious consequences do not result, will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 105 of the Criminal Law. Where serious consequences do result, perpetrators will be held criminally liable in accordance with provisions of Article 106 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十三条   违反本法规定，隐匿携带炸药、雷管或者其他危险品乘坐民用航空器，或者以非危险品品名托运危险品的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 193 Those who violate provisions of this Law by concealing and carrying explosives, detonators or other dangerous articles on board a civil aircraft or by consigning dangerous articles as non- dangerous articles buy serious consequences do not result, will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 163 of the Criminal Law. Where serious consequences do result, perpetrators will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 110 of the Criminal Law.

企业事业单位犯前款罪的，判处罚金，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依照前款规定追究刑事责任。

A fine will be imposed on an enterprise or institution which has committed the crimes stated in the preceding paragraph. Principal personnel in charge who are directly responsible and other personnel directly responsible will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

隐匿携带枪支子弹、管制刀具乘坐民用航空器的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

A person who conceals and brings firearms, ammunition and controlled knives while flying in a civil aircraft shall be investigated for his criminal responsibility in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十四条   公共航空运输企业违反本法第一百零一条的规定运输危险品的，由国务院民用航空主管部门没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以下的罚款。

Article 194 Where a public air transport enterprise carries dangerous articles in violation of the provisions of Article 101 of this Law, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall confiscate its unlawful earnings and may also impose a fine of not more than 100% of the unlawful earnings.

公共航空运输企业有前款行为，导致发生重大事故的，没收违法所得，判处罚金；并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

If a public air transport enterprise commits acts stated in the preceding paragraph and a major accident results, any illicit gains will be confiscated and a fine will be imposed. Principal personnel in charge who are directly responsible and other personnel directly responsible will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 187 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十五条   故意在使用中的民用航空器上放置危险品或者唆使他人放置危险品，足以毁坏该民用航空器，危及飞行安全的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 195 Those who deliberately install dangerous articles on civil aircraft which are in use or incite others to do so and where this is sufficient to destroy the civil aircraft and endanger flight safety buy serious consequences do not result, will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 108 of the Criminal Law. Where serious consequences do result, perpetrators will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 110 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十六条   故意传递虚假情报，扰乱正常飞行秩序，使公私财产遭受重大损失的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 196 Those who deliberately give false information so as to disrupt the normal flight order and where heavy losses result to both public and private property will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 158 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十七条   盗窃或者故意损毁、移动使用中的航行设施，危及飞行安全，足以使民用航空器发生坠落、毁坏危险的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 197 Those who steal or deliberately destroy or move aviation equipment on a civil aircraft which is in use so as to endanger flight safety sufficiently to cause a crash or the destruction of the civil aircraft, buy serious consequences do not result, will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 108 of the Criminal Law. Where serious consequences do result, perpetrators will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 110 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十八条   聚众扰乱民用机场秩序的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 198. Those who assemble crowds to disrupt the order of civil airports will be held criminally liable in accordance with the provisions of Article 158 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十九条   航空人员玩忽职守，或者违反规章制度，导致发生重大飞行事故，造成严重后果的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。

Article 199. Aviation personnel involved in major flight accidents which lead to serious consequences as a result of these personnel neglecting their duty or violating work regulations and systems will be held criminally liable in accordance with and in reference to the provisions of Article 187 or Article 114 of the Criminal Law respectively.

第二百条   违反本法规定，尚不够刑事处罚，应当给予治安管理处罚的，依照治安管理处罚法的规定处罚。

Article 200. Those who violate the provisions of this Law and for whom criminal penalties are insufficient will have public security penalties imposed. These penalties will be imposed in accordance with the provisions of rules regarding public security penalties.

第二百零一条   违反本法第三十七条的规定，民用航空器无适航证书而飞行，或者租用的外国民用航空器未经国务院民用航空主管部门对其原国籍登记国发给的适航证书审查认可或者另发适航证书而飞行的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止飞行，没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罚款；没有违法所得的，处以十万元以上一百万元以下的罚款。

Article 201. Those who violate the provisions of Article 37 of this Law by operating civil aircraft without an airworthiness certificate, or who operate leased foreign civil aircraft and have not had the airworthiness certificate issued by the country of nationality registration examined or approved by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation or have not had the certificate changed to a new one, will be ordered by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation to suspend flights and to turn over any illicit gains. A fine of more than an amount equal to and less than six times the amount of the illicit gains may also be imposed. Where there are no illicit gains, a fine of more than RMB100,000 yuan and less than RMB1 million will be imposed.

适航证书失效或者超过适航证书规定范围飞行的，依照前款规定处罚。

Where a certificate of airworthiness has lost its effect or a flight was conducted beyond the scope prescribed in the certificate of airworthiness, the punishment prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall apply.

第二百零二条   违反本法第三十四条、第三十六条第二款的规定，将未取得型号合格证书、型号认可证书的民用航空器及其发动机、螺旋桨或者民用航空器上的设备投入生产的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止生产，没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以下的罚款；没有违法所得的，处以五万元以上五十万元以下的罚款。

Article 202. Those who violate the provisions of Article 34 and paragraph 2 of Article 36 of this Law by producing civil aircraft, including the engines, screw propellers, or apparatus on the civil aircraft, without first acquiring a model qualification certificate and a model ratification certificate will be order by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation to suspend production and turn over any illicit gains. A fine of up to an amount equal to the amount of the illicit gains will also be imposed. Where there are no illicit gains a fine of more than RMB50,000 yuan and less than RMB500,000 yuan will be imposed.

第二百零三条   违反本法第三十五条的规定，未取得生产许可证书、维修许可证书而从事生产、维修活动的，违反本法第九十二条、第一百四十七条第二款的规定，未取得公共航空运输经营许可证或者通用航空经营许可证而从事公共航空运输或者从事经营性通用航空的，国务院民用航空主管部门可以责令停止生产、维修或者经营活动。

Article 203 Those who violate the provisions of Article 35 of this Law by engaging in production and maintenance activities without first acquiring a production permit or a maintenance permit or those who violate the provisions of Article 92 and paragraph 2 of Article 147 of this Law by engaging in public air transport or in general purpose aviation of a business nature without first acquiring a business permit for public air transport or a business permit for general purpose aviation, will be order by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation to suspend their production, maintenance or business activities.

第二百零四条   已取得本法第三十五条规定的生产许可证书、维修许可证书的企业，因生产、维修的质量问题造成严重事故的，国务院民用航空主管部门可以吊销其生产许可证书或者维修许可证书。

Article 204. Enterprises which cause serious accidents as a result of the inferior quality of their production and maintenance, wand which have acquired a production permit and a maintenance permit in accordance with the provisions of Article 35 of this Law, may have their production permit and the maintenance permit revoked by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第二百零五条   违反本法第四十条的规定，未取得航空人员执照、体格检查合格证书而从事相应的民用航空活动的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止民用航空活动，在国务院民用航空主管部门规定的限期内不得申领有关执照和证书，对其所在单位处以二十万元以下的罚款。

Article 205. Those who violate the provisions of Article 40 of this Law by engaging in corresponding civil aviation activities without an aviation personnel licence or certificate of physical fitness will be ordered by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation to suspend their civil aviation activities and will not be permitted to apply for relevant licences and certificates within a time limit stipulated by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation. Units to which such people belong will be fined up to RMB200,000 yuan.

第二百零六条   有下列违法情形之一的，由国务院民用航空主管部门对民用航空器的机长给予警告或者吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚，情节较重的，可以给予吊销执照的处罚：

Article 206 In one of the following circumstances in which the law is violated, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall punish the pilot-in-command by warning or by withholding his licence for a period of one to six months, or under aggravating circumstances, punish him by canceling his licence:

（一）机长违反本法第四十五条第一款的规定，未对民用航空器实施检查而起飞的；

1. the pilot-in-command, in violation of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 45 of this Law, takes off without carrying out an inspection of the civil aircraft;

（二）民用航空器违反本法第七十五条的规定，未按照空中交通管制单位指定的航路和飞行高度飞行，或者违反本法第七十九条的规定飞越城市上空的。

(II) A civil aircraft, in violation of the provisions of Article 75 of this Law, fails to follow the air route and to fly at the altitude specified by the air traffic unit, or in violation of the provisions of Article 79 of this Law, flies across the airspace over a city.

第二百零七条   违反本法第七十四条的规定，民用航空器未经空中交通管制单位许可进行飞行活动的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止飞行，对该民用航空器所有人或者承租人处以一万元以上十万元以下的罚款；对该民用航空器的机长给予警告或者吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚，情节较重的，可以给予吊销执照的处罚。

Article 207. Civil aircraft which engage in flight activities without first seeking permission from the air traffic control unit which is in violation of the provisions of Article 74 of this Law will be ordered by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation to suspend the flights. The owner or the lessee of the civil aircraft in question will be fined more than RMB10,000 yuan and less than RMB100,000 yuan, while the captain of the civil aircraft will be issued a disciplinary warning or will have his or her licence suspended for a period of one (1) to six (6) months. In very serious cases, the captain in question may face the penalty of having his or her licence revoked.

第二百零八条   民用航空器的机长或者机组其他人员有下列行为之一的，由国务院民用航空主管部门给予警告或者吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚；有第（二）项或者第（三）项所列行为的，可以给予吊销执照的处罚：

Article 208 Where the pilot-in-command of a civil aircraft or another member of the crew commits one of the following acts, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall punish him by warning or by withholding his licence for a period of one to six months; if the act listed in sub-paragraph (2) or (3) is committed, he shall be punished by having his licence cancelled:

（一）在执行飞行任务时，不按照本法第四十一条的规定携带执照和体格检查合格证书的；

1. Failure to carry on his person licence and physical examination certificate in performing a flight mission as required by the provisions of Article 41 of this Law;

（二）民用航空器遇险时，违反本法第四十八条的规定离开民用航空器的；

2. Leaving the civil aircraft in distress in violation of the provisions of Article 48 of this Law;

（三）违反本法第七十七条第二款的规定执行飞行任务的。

(III) Performing a flight mission in violation of the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 77 of this Law.

第二百零九条   违反本法第八十条的规定，民用航空器在飞行中投掷物品的，由国务院民用航空主管部门给予警告，可以对直接责任人员处以二千元以上二万元以下的罚款。

Article 209. Civil aircraft which eject objects in flight in violation of the provisions of Article 80 of this Law will be issued a warning by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation, while personnel directly responsible may have a fine of more than 2,000 yuan and less than 20,000 yuan imposed.

第二百一十条   违反本法第六十二条的规定，未取得机场使用许可证开放使用民用机场的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止开放使用；没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以下的罚款。

Article 210 Where a civil airport is opened to traffic without obtaining an airport operating licence in violation of the provisions of Article 62 of this Law, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall order it to stop its opening to traffic, confiscate its unlawful earnings, and may impose a fine of not exceeding 100% of the unlawful earnings.

第二百一十一条   公共航空运输企业、通用航空企业违反本法规定，情节较重的，除依照本法规定处罚外，国务院民用航空主管部门可以吊销其经营许可证。

Article 211. Public air transport enterprises and general purpose aviation enterprises involved in violation of this Law in serious cases will not only be penalised in accordance with the provisions of this Law, but will also have their business permits revoked by the State Council department in charge of civil aviation.

第二百一十二条   国务院民用航空主管部门和地区民用航空管理机构的工作人员，玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任；尚不构成犯罪的，依法给予行政处分。

Article 212. Staff members of the State Council department in charge of civil aviation and of the regional civil aviation administrative organs who neglect their duty, abuse their power for personal gain or practise favouritism will, it this constitutes a crime, be held criminally liable in accordance with the law. If these activities do not constitute a crime, disciplinary sanctions will be imposed.

第十六章 附则

Chapter 16 Supplementary Provisions

第二百一十三条   本法所称计算单位，是指国际货币基金组织规定的特别提款权；其人民币数额为法院判决之日、仲裁机构裁决之日或者当事人协议之日，按照国家外汇主管机关规定的国际货币基金组织的特别提款权对人民币的换算办法计算得出的人民币数额。

Article 213. For the purposes of this Law, the term "calculation unit" refers to the special drawing rights stipulated by the international monetary fund. The amount in renminbi will be calculated on the basis of conversion rates stipulated by the State administration in charge of exchange control between the international monetary fund's special drawing rights and the renminbi on the date on which court judgment is made, an award is given by an arbitration body, or agreement is entered into between the parties concerned.

第二百一十四条   国务院、中央军事委员会对无人驾驶航空器的管理另有规定的，从其规定。

Article 214 Where it is otherwise provided by the State Council and the Central Military Commission for the administration of UAVs, such provisions shall prevail.

第二百一十五条   本法自1996年3月1日起施行。

Article 215 This Law shall go into effect as of March 1, 1996.