法律文本

中華人民共和國憲法（2018修正）

Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (2018 Revision)

（1982年12月4日第五屆全國人民代表大會第五次會議通過 1982年12月4日全國人民代表大會公告公布施行 根據1988年4月12日第七屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法修正案》、1993年3月29日第八屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法修正案》、1999年3月15日第九屆全國人民代表大會第二次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法修正案》、2004年3月14日第十屆全國人民代表大會第二次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法修正案》和2018年3月11日第十三屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過的《中華人民共和國憲法修正案》修正）

(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People 's Congress on December 4, 1982 and promulgated by the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982; amended in accordance with the Amendment to Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Seventh National People 's Congress on April 12, 1988; the Amendment to Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 29, 1993; the Amendment to Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People 's Congress on March 15, 1999; the Amendment to Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress on March 14, 2004; and the Amendment to Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the 13th National People 's Congress on March 11, 2018)

目錄

Contents

序言

Preamble

  第一章 總綱

Chapter 1 General

  第二章 公民的基本權利和義務

Chapter 2 The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

  第三章 國家機構

Chapter 3 The Structure of the State

    第一節 全國人民代表大會

Section 1 The National People’s Congress

    第二節 中華人民共和國主席

Section 2 President of the People’s Republic of China

    第三節 國務院

Section 3 State Council

    第四節 中央軍事委員會

Section 4 Central Military Commission

    第五節 地方各級人民代表大會和地方各級人民政府

Section 5 The Local People's Congresses and the Local People's Governments at Various Levels

    第六節 民族自治地方的自治機關

Section 6. The Authority of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

    第七節 監察委員會

Section 7 Supervision Committee

    第八節 人民法院和人民檢察院

Section 8 People’s Courts and People’s Procuratorates

  第四章 國旗、國歌、國徽、首都

Chapter 4 The National Flag, the National Anthem, the National Emblem and the Capital

序言

Preamble

中國是世界上曆史最悠久的國家之一。中國各族人民共同創造了光輝燦爛的文化，具有光榮的革命傳統。

China is one of the oldest countries in the world. The people of all ethnic groups in China have jointly created a splendid culture with a glorious revolutionary tradition.

一八四０年以後，封建的中國逐漸變成半殖民地、半封建的國家。中國人民為國家獨立、民族解放和民主自由進行了前僕後繼的英勇奮鬥。

After 1840, feudal China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. The Chinese people have waged many heroic struggles for national independence, liberation, democracy and freedom.

二十世紀，中國發生了翻天覆地的偉大曆史變革。

In the 20th century, great historical changes have taken place in China.

一九一一年孫中山先生領導的辛亥革命，廢除了封建帝制，創立了中華民國。但是，中國人民反對帝國主義和封建主義的曆史任務還沒有完成。

The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and created the Republic of China. But the Chinese people's historic task of opposing imperialism and feudalism remains unfulfilled.

一九四九年，以毛澤東主席為領袖的中國共產黨領導中國各族人民，在經曆了長期的艱難曲折的武裝鬥爭和其他形式的鬥爭以後，終於推翻了帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義的統治，取得了新民主主義革命的偉大勝利，建立了中華人民共和國。從此，中國人民掌握了國家的權力，成為國家的主人。

In 1949, the Chinese people of all nationalities, led by the Communist Party of China with Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader, overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, won the great victory of the New-Democratic Revolution and founded the People's Republic of China after a long period of arduous and tortuous armed struggle and other forms of struggle. Since then, the Chinese people have taken over state power and become masters of the country.

中華人民共和國成立以後，我國社會逐步實現了由新民主主義到社會主義的過渡。生產資料私有制的社會主義改造已經完成，人剝削人的制度已經消滅，社會主義制度已經確立。工人階級領導的、以工農聯盟為基礎的人民民主專政，實質上即無產階級專政，得到鞏固和發展。中國人民和中國人民解放軍戰勝了帝國主義、霸權主義的侵略、破壞和武裝挑釁，維護了國家的獨立和安全，增強了國防。經濟建設取得了重大的成就，獨立的、比較完整的社會主義工業體系已經基本形成，農業生產顯著提高。教育、科學、文化等事業有了很大的發展，社會主義思想教育取得了明顯的成效。廣大人民的生活有了較大的改善。

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China gradually realized the transition from new-democratic to socialist society. The socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production has been completed, the system of exploitation of man by man has been abolished and the socialist system has been established. The people's democratic dictatorship, led by the working class and based on the worker-peasant alliance, which is essentially the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The Chinese people and the Chinese People's Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonic aggression, sabotage and armed provocation, safeguarded national independence and security and strengthened national defence. Great achievements have been made in economic development. An independent and relatively complete socialist industrial system has basically taken shape. Agricultural production has increased significantly. Education, science, culture and other undertakings have made great progress, socialist ideological education has achieved remarkable results. The life of the people has improved considerably.

中國新民主主義革命的勝利和社會主義事業的成就，是中國共產黨領導中國各族人民，在馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想的指引下，堅持真理，修正錯誤，戰勝許多艱難險阻而取得的。我國將長期處於社會主義初級階段。國家的根本任務是，沿著中國特色社會主義道路，集中力量進行社會主義現代化建設。中國各族人民將繼續在中國共產黨領導下，在馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、鄧小平理論、“三個代表”重要思想、科學發展觀、習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想指引下，堅持人民民主專政，堅持社會主義道路，堅持改革開放，不斷完善社會主義的各項制度，發展社會主義市場經濟，發展社會主義民主，健全社會主義法治，貫徹新發展理念，自力更生，艱苦奮鬥，逐步實現工業、農業、國防和科學技術的現代化，推動物質文明、政治文明、精神文明、社會文明、生態文明協調發展，把我國建設成為富強民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現代化強國，實現中華民族偉大複興。

The victory in China's New-Democratic Revolution and the successes in its socialist cause have been achieved by the Chinese people of all nationalities, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, by upholding truth, correcting errors and surmounting numerous difficulties and hardships. Our country will be in the primary stage of socialism for a long time. The country's basic task is to concentrate on socialist modernization along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important "Three Represents" thought, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, all the peoples of China will continue to sustain the people's democratic dictatorship, the path of socialism, and the reform and opening up of China, improve steadily the various institutions of socialism, develop the socialist market economy, socialist democracy, and socialist law-based governance, implement the new development concept, and work hard and self-reliantly to modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defense, and science and technology step by step and promote the coordinated development of the material, political, spiritual, social, and ecological facets of civilization, to turn China into a modern powerful socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful, and to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

在我國，剝削階級作為階級已經消滅，但是階級鬥爭還將在一定範圍內長期存在。中國人民對敵視和破壞我國社會主義制度的國內外的敵對勢力和敵對分子，必須進行鬥爭。

In our country the exploiting classes as such have been abolished, but class struggle will continue to exist within a certain range for a long time to come. The Chinese people must fight against hostile forces and elements at home and abroad who are hostile to China's socialist system and try to undermine it.

臺灣是中華人民共和國的神聖領土的一部分。完成統一祖國的大業是包括臺灣同胞在內的全中國人民的神聖職責。

Taiwan is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China. It is the sacred duty of the entire Chinese people, including our Taiwan compatriots, to accomplish the great task of reunifying the motherland.

社會主義的建設事業必須依靠工人、農民和知識分子，團結一切可以團結的力量。在長期的革命、建設、改革過程中，已經結成由中國共產黨領導的，有各民主黨派和各人民團體參加的，包括全體社會主義勞動者、社會主義事業的建設者、擁護社會主義的愛國者、擁護祖國統一和致力於中華民族偉大複興的愛國者的廣泛的愛國統一戰線，這個統一戰線將繼續鞏固和發展。中國人民政治協商會議是有廣泛代表性的統一戰線組織，過去發揮了重要的曆史作用，今後在國家政治生活、社會生活和對外友好活動中，在進行社會主義現代化建設、維護國家的統一和團結的鬥爭中，將進一步發揮它的重要作用。中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度將長期存在和發展。

The cause of socialist construction must rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and unite all forces that can be united. In the long years of revolution, construction and reform, there has been formed under the leadership of the Communist Party of China a broad patriotic united front which is composed of the democratic parties and people's organizations and which embraces all socialist working people, all builders of socialism, all patriots who support socialism, all patriots who stand for the reunification of the motherland, and all patriots devoted to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a broadly representative organization of the united front, has played a significant historical role and will play a more important role in the country's political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop for a long time.

中華人民共和國是全國各族人民共同締造的統一的多民族國家。平等團結互助和諧的社會主義民族關系已經確立，並將繼續加強。在維護民族團結的鬥爭中，要反對大民族主義，主要是大漢族主義，也要反對地方民族主義。國家盡一切努力，促進全國各民族的共同繁榮。

The People's Republic of China is a unitary multi-national State created jointly by the people of all its nationalities. The socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony have been established and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, we must combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, but also local nationalism. The state will make every effort to promote the common prosperity of all ethnic groups throughout the country.

中國革命、建設、改革的成就是同世界人民的支持分不開的。中國的前途是同世界的前途緊密地聯系在一起的。中國堅持獨立自主的對外政策，堅持互相尊重主權和領土完整、互不侵犯、互不幹涉內政、平等互利、和平共處的五項原則，堅持和平發展道路，堅持互利共贏開放戰略，發展同各國的外交關系和經濟、文化交流，推動構建人類命運共同體；堅持反對帝國主義、霸權主義、殖民主義，加強同世界各國人民的團結，支持被壓迫民族和發展中國家爭取和維護民族獨立、發展民族經濟的正義鬥爭，為維護世界和平和促進人類進步事業而努力。

China's achievements in revolution, construction and reform are inseparable from the support of the people of the world. The future of China is closely linked to that of the world. China consistently carries out an independent foreign policy, adheres to the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries, and promoting the construction of a community of shared future for mankind. China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, works to strengthen unity with the people of other countries, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries in their just struggle to win or preserve national independence and develop their national economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress.

本憲法以法律的形式確認了中國各族人民奮鬥的成果，規定了國家的根本制度和根本任務，是國家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。全國各族人民、一切國家機關和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會團體、各企業事業組織，都必須以憲法為根本的活動準則，並且負有維護憲法尊嚴、保證憲法實施的職責。

This Constitution, in legal form, affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and stipulates the basic system and basic tasks of the state. The people of all nationalities, all State organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions in the country must take the Constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

第一章 總綱

Chapter 1 General

第一條   中華人民共和國是工人階級領導的、以工農聯盟為基礎的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。

Article 1 The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.

社會主義制度是中華人民共和國的根本制度。中國共產黨領導是中國特色社會主義最本質的特征。禁止任何組織或者個人破壞社會主義制度。

The socialist system is the fundamental system of the PRC. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential characteristic of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Disruption of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.

第二條   中華人民共和國的一切權力屬於人民。

Article 2 All power in the People Republic of China belongs to the people.

人民行使國家權力的機關是全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會。

The National People 's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power.

人民依照法律規定，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務，管理經濟和文化事業，管理社會事務。

The people administer State affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the provisions of law.

第三條   中華人民共和國的國家機構實行民主集中制的原則。

Article 3 The state organs of the People Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism.

全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會都由民主選舉產生，對人民負責，受人民監督。

The National People 's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels are constituted through democratic elections. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision.

國家行政機關、監察機關、審判機關、檢察機關都由人民代表大會產生，對它負責，受它監督。

All administrative, supervisory, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people's congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.

中央和地方的國家機構職權的劃分，遵循在中央的統一領導下，充分發揮地方的主動性、積極性的原則。

The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full scope to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.

第四條   中華人民共和國各民族一律平等。國家保障各少數民族的合法的權利和利益，維護和發展各民族的平等團結互助和諧關系。禁止對任何民族的歧視和壓迫，禁止破壞民族團結和制造民族分裂的行為。

Article 4 All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The State protects the lawful rights and interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and develops a relationship of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony among all of them. Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates their division is prohibited.

國家根據各少數民族的特點和需要，幫助各少數民族地區加速經濟和文化的發展。

The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities.

各少數民族聚居的地方實行區域自治，設立自治機關，行使自治權。各民族自治地方都是中華人民共和國不可分離的部分。

Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities, and organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy. All national autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the People's Republic of China.

各民族都有使用和發展自己的語言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的風俗習慣的自由。

All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to maintain or reform their own customs and habits.

第五條   中華人民共和國實行依法治國，建設社會主義法治國家。

Article 5 The People's Republic of China governs the country according to law and builds a socialist country ruled by law.

國家維護社會主義法制的統一和尊嚴。

The state upholds the uniformity and dignity of the socialist legal system.

一切法律、行政法規和地方性法規都不得同憲法相抵觸。

No laws or administrative or local rules and regulations may contravene the Constitution.

一切國家機關和武裝力量、各政黨和各社會團體、各企業事業組織都必須遵守憲法和法律。一切違反憲法和法律的行為，必須予以追究。

All State organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions must abide by the Constitution and the law. All acts in violation of the Constitution or other laws must be investigated.

任何組織或者個人都不得有超越憲法和法律的特權。

No organization or individual is privileged to be beyond the Constitution or the law.

第六條   中華人民共和國的社會主義經濟制度的基礎是生產資料的社會主義公有制，即全民所有制和勞動群眾集體所有制。社會主義公有制消滅人剝削人的制度，實行各盡所能、按勞分配的原則。

Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The system of socialist public ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of "from each according to his ability, to each according to his work."

國家在社會主義初級階段，堅持公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發展的基本經濟制度，堅持按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式並存的分配制度。

In the primary stage of socialism, the State upholds the basic economic system in which public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop side by side and keeps to the distribution system in which distribution according to work is dominant and diverse modes of distribution coexist.

第七條   國有經濟，即社會主義全民所有制經濟，是國民經濟中的主導力量。國家保障國有經濟的鞏固和發展。

Article 7 The state-owned economy, namely, the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, is the leading force in the national economy. The State ensures the consolidation and growth of the State-owned economy.

第八條   農村集體經濟組織實行家庭承包經營為基礎、統分結合的雙層經營體制。農村中的生產、供銷、信用、消費等各種形式的合作經濟，是社會主義勞動群眾集體所有制經濟。參加農村集體經濟組織的勞動者，有權在法律規定的範圍內經營自留地、自留山、家庭副業和飼養自留畜。

Article 8 The rural collective economic organizations apply the dual operation system characterized by the combination of centralized operation with decentralized operation on the basis of household contract operation. In rural areas, all forms of cooperative economy, such as producers', supply and marketing, credit and consumers' cooperatives, belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people. Working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for their private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock.

城鎮中的手工業、工業、建築業、運輸業、商業、服務業等行業的各種形式的合作經濟，都是社會主義勞動群眾集體所有制經濟。

The various forms of cooperative economy in cities and towns, such as those in the handicraft, industrial, building, transport, commercial and service trades, all belong to the sector of socialist economy under collective ownership by the working people.

國家保護城鄉集體經濟組織的合法的權利和利益，鼓勵、指導和幫助集體經濟的發展。

The State protects the lawful rights and interests of the urban and rural economic collectives and encourages, guides and helps the growth of the collective economy.

第九條   礦藏、水流、森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗等自然資源，都屬於國家所有，即全民所有；由法律規定屬於集體所有的森林和山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗除外。

Article 9 All mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law.

國家保障自然資源的合理利用，保護珍貴的動物和植物。禁止任何組織或者個人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源。

The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

第十條   城市的土地屬於國家所有。

Article 10 Land in the cities is owned by the state.

農村和城市郊區的土地，除由法律規定屬於國家所有的以外，屬於集體所有；宅基地和自留地、自留山，也屬於集體所有。

Land in the rural and suburban areas is owned by collectives except for those portions which belong to the State as provided for by law; house sites and private plots of cropland and hilly land are also owned by collectives.

國家為了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律規定對土地實行征收或者征用並給予補償。

The State may, in the public interest, expropriate or take over land for its use in accordance with the law and provide compensation.

任何組織或者個人不得侵占、買賣或者以其他形式非法轉讓土地。土地的使用權可以依照法律的規定轉讓。

No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means. The right to the use of land may be transferred in accordance with law.

一切使用土地的組織和個人必須合理地利用土地。

All organizations and individuals shall use the land rationally.

第十一條   在法律規定範圍內的個體經濟、私營經濟等非公有制經濟，是社會主義市場經濟的重要組成部分。

Article 11 The non-public ownership sector comprising the individual economy and the private economy within the limits prescribed by law is an important component of the socialist market economy.

國家保護個體經濟、私營經濟等非公有制經濟的合法的權利和利益。國家鼓勵、支持和引導非公有制經濟的發展，並對非公有制經濟依法實行監督和管理。

The State protects the lawful rights and interests of the non-public sectors of the economy, including individual and private sectors of the economy. The State encourages, supports and guides the development of the non-public sectors of the economy and, in accordance with law, exercises supervision and control over the non-public sectors of the economy.

第十二條   社會主義的公共財產神聖不可侵犯。

Article 12 Socialist public property is inviolable.

國家保護社會主義的公共財產。禁止任何組織或者個人用任何手段侵占或者破壞國家的和集體的財產。

The state protects socialist public property. Appropriation or damaging of state or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited.

第十三條   公民的合法的私有財產不受侵犯。

Article 13 The lawful private property of citizens shall not be violated.

國家依照法律規定保護公民的私有財產權和繼承權。

The state protects by law the right of citizens to own private property and the right to inherit private property.

國家為了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律規定對公民的私有財產實行征收或者征用並給予補償。

The State may, in the public interest and in accordance with law, expropriate or take over the private property of citizens for its use and provide compensation.

第十四條   國家通過提高勞動者的積極性和技術水平，推廣先進的科學技術，完善經濟管理體制和企業經營管理制度，實行各種形式的社會主義責任制，改進勞動組織，以不斷提高勞動生產率和經濟效益，發展社會生產力。

Article 14 The State continuously raises labour productivity, improves economic results and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm of the working people, raising the level of their technical skill, disseminating advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise operation and management, instituting the socialist system of responsibility in various forms and improving the organization of work.

國家厲行節約，反對浪費。

The state practises strict economy and opposes waste.

國家合理安排積累和消費，兼顧國家、集體和個人的利益，在發展生產的基礎上，逐步改善人民的物質生活和文化生活。

The State properly apportions accumulation and consumption, concerns itself with the interests of the collective and the individual as well as of the State and, on the basis of expanded production, gradually improves the material and cultural life of the people.

國家建立健全同經濟發展水平相適應的社會保障制度。

The State shall establish and improve upon a social security system which is compatible with the level of economic development.

第十五條   國家實行社會主義市場經濟。

Article 15 The State practices the socialist market economy.

國家加強經濟立法，完善宏觀調控。

The State strengthens economic legislation, improves macro-regulation and control.

國家依法禁止任何組織或者個人擾亂社會經濟秩序。

The state prohibits by law any organization or individual from disturbing the socio- economic order.

第十六條   國有企業在法律規定的範圍內有權自主經營。

Article 16 State-owned enterprises have decision-making power with regard to their operation within the limits prescribed by law.

國有企業依照法律規定，通過職工代表大會和其他形式，實行民主管理。

State-owned enterprises practise democratic management through congresses of workers and staff and in other ways in accordance with the law.

第十七條   集體經濟組織在遵守有關法律的前提下，有獨立進行經濟活動的自主權。

Article 17 Collective economic organizations have decision-making power in conducting independent economic activities, on condition that they abide by the relevant laws.

集體經濟組織實行民主管理，依照法律規定選舉和罷免管理人員，決定經營管理的重大問題。

Collective economic organizations practise democratic management in accordance with the law, elect or remove their managerial personnel and decide on major issues concerning operation and management.

第十八條   中華人民共和國允許外國的企業和其他經濟組織或者個人依照中華人民共和國法律的規定在中國投資，同中國的企業或者其他經濟組織進行各種形式的經濟合作。

Article 18 The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations and individual foreigners to invest in China and to enter into various forms of economic cooperation with Chinese enterprises and other Chinese economic organizations in accordance with the law of the People's Republic of China.

在中國境內的外國企業和其他外國經濟組織以及中外合資經營的企業，都必須遵守中華人民共和國的法律。它們的合法的權利和利益受中華人民共和國法律的保護。

All foreign enterprises, other foreign economic organizations as well as Chinese-foreign joint ventures within Chinese territory shall abide by the laws of the People's Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests are protected by the laws of the People’s Republic of China.

第十九條   國家發展社會主義的教育事業，提高全國人民的科學文化水平。

Article 19 The State undertakes the development of socialist education and works to raise the scientific and cultural level of the whole nation.

國家舉辦各種學校，普及初等義務教育，發展中等教育、職業教育和高等教育，並且發展學前教育。

The State establishes and administers schools of various types, universalizes compulsory primary education, develops secondary, vocational and higher education and promotes pre-school education.

國家發展各種教育設施，掃除文盲，對工人、農民、國家工作人員和其他勞動者進行政治、文化、科學、技術、業務的教育，鼓勵自學成才。

The State develops educational facilities in order to eliminate illiteracy and provide political, cultural, scientific, technical and professional education for workers, peasants, State functionaries and other working people. It encourages people to become educated through independent study.

國家鼓勵集體經濟組織、國家企業事業組織和其他社會力量依照法律規定舉辦各種教育事業。

The State encourages the collective economic organizations, State enterprises and institutions and other sectors of society to establish educational institutions of various types in accordance with the law.

國家推廣全國通用的普通話。

The State popularizes the nationwide use of Putonghua.

第二十條   國家發展自然科學和社會科學事業，普及科學和技術知識，獎勵科學研究成果和技術發明創造。

Article 20 The State promotes the development of the natural and social sciences, disseminates knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological discoveries and inventions.

第二十一條   國家發展醫療衛生事業，發展現代醫藥和我國傳統醫藥，鼓勵和支持農村集體經濟組織、國家企業事業組織和街道組織舉辦各種醫療衛生設施，開展群眾性的衛生活動，保護人民健康。

Article 21 The State develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinesemedicine, encourages and supports the setting up of various medical and health facilities by the rural economic collectives, State enterprises and institutions and neighbourhood organizations, and promotes health and sanitation activities of a mass character, all for the protection of the people's health.

國家發展體育事業，開展群眾性的體育活動，增強人民體質。

The State develops physical culture and promotes mass sports activities to improve the people's physical fitness.

第二十二條   國家發展為人民服務、為社會主義服務的文學藝術事業、新聞廣播電視事業、出版發行事業、圖書館博物館文化館和其他文化事業，開展群眾性的文化活動。

Article 22 The State promotes the development of art and literature, the press, radio and television broadcasting, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centres and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and it sponsors mass cultural activities.

國家保護名勝古跡、珍貴文物和其他重要曆史文化遺產。

The State protects sites of scenic and historical interest, valuable cultural monuments and relics and other significant items of our historical and cultural heritage.

第二十三條   國家培養為社會主義服務的各種專業人才，擴大知識分子的隊伍，創造條件，充分發揮他們在社會主義現代化建設中的作用。

Article 23 The State trains specialized personnel in all fields who serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions to give full scope to their role in socialist modernization.

第二十四條   國家通過普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、紀律和法制教育，通過在城鄉不同範圍的群眾中制定和執行各種守則、公約，加強社會主義精神文明的建設。

Article 24 The State strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics, general knowledge, discipline and legality, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various sections of the people in urban and rural areas.

國家倡導社會主義核心價值觀，提倡愛祖國、愛人民、愛勞動、愛科學、愛社會主義的公德，在人民中進行愛國主義、集體主義和國際主義、共產主義的教育，進行辯證唯物主義和曆史唯物主義的教育，反對資本主義的、封建主義的和其他的腐朽思想。

The State advocates the socialist core values and the civic virtues of love of the motherland, of the people, of labour, of science and of socialism. It educates the people in patriotism, collectivism, internationalism and communism and in dialectical and historical materialism. It opposes capitalist, feudal and other decadent ideas.

第二十五條   國家推行計劃生育，使人口的增長同經濟和社會發展計劃相適應。

Article 25 The State promotes family planning so that population growth may fit the plans for economic and social development.

第二十六條   國家保護和改善生活環境和生態環境，防治汙染和其他公害。

Article 26 The State protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards.

國家組織和鼓勵植樹造林，保護林木。

The State organizes and encourages afforestation and the protection of forests.

第二十七條   一切國家機關實行精簡的原則，實行工作責任制，實行工作人員的培訓和考核制度，不斷提高工作質量和工作效率，反對官僚主義。

Article 27 All State organs carry out the principle of simple and efficient administration, the system of responsibility for work and the system of training functionaries and appraising their performance in order constantly to improve the quality of work and efficiency and combat bureaucratism.

一切國家機關和國家工作人員必須依靠人民的支持，經常保持同人民的密切聯系，傾聽人民的意見和建議，接受人民的監督，努力為人民服務。

All State organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and do their best to serve them.

國家工作人員就職時應當依照法律規定公開進行憲法宣誓。

State functionaries shall publicly pledge allegiance to the Constitution in accordance with legal provisions when they take office.

第二十八條   國家維護社會秩序，鎮壓叛國和其他危害國家安全的犯罪活動，制裁危害社會治安、破壞社會主義經濟和其他犯罪的活動，懲辦和改造犯罪分子。

Article 28 The State maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other criminal activities endangering state security; it penalizes criminal activities endangering public security and disrupting the socialist economy as well as other criminal activities; and it punishes and reforms criminals.

第二十九條   中華人民共和國的武裝力量屬於人民。它的任務是鞏固國防，抵抗侵略，保衛祖國，保衛人民的和平勞動，參加國家建設事業，努力為人民服務。

Article 29 The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people. Their tasks are to strengthen national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labour, participate in national reconstruction and do their best to serve the people.

國家加強武裝力量的革命化、現代化、正規化的建設，增強國防力量。

The State strengthens revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces in order to increase national defence capability.

第三十條   中華人民共和國的行政區域劃分如下：

Article 30 The administrative division of the People's Republic of China is as follows:

（一）全國分為省、自治區、直轄市；

1. The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（二）省、自治區分為自治州、縣、自治縣、市；

2. Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

（三）縣、自治縣分為鄉、民族鄉、鎮。

(III) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, nationality townships, and towns.

直轄市和較大的市分為區、縣。自治州分為縣、自治縣、市。

Municipalities directly under the Central Government and larger cities are divided into districts and counties. Autonomous prefectures are divided into counties, autonomous counties, and cities.

自治區、自治州、自治縣都是民族自治地方。

Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are all ethnic autonomous areas.

第三十一條   國家在必要時得設立特別行政區。在特別行政區內實行的制度按照具體情況由全國人民代表大會以法律規定。

Article 31 The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People 's Congress in the light of specific conditions.

第三十二條   中華人民共和國保護在中國境內的外國人的合法權利和利益，在中國境內的外國人必須遵守中華人民共和國的法律。

Article 32 The People's Republic of China protects the lawful rights and interests of foreigners within Chinese territory; foreigners on Chinese territory must abide by the laws of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國對於因為政治原因要求避難的外國人，可以給予受庇護的權利。

The People's Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it for political reasons.

第二章 公民的基本權利和義務

Chapter 2 The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

第三十三條   凡具有中華人民共和國國籍的人都是中華人民共和國公民。

Article 33 All persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國公民在法律面前一律平等。

All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law.

國家尊重和保障人權。

The State respects and safeguards human rights.

任何公民享有憲法和法律規定的權利，同時必須履行憲法和法律規定的義務。

Every citizen is entitled to the rights and at the same time must perform the duties prescribed by the Constitution and other laws.

第三十四條   中華人民共和國年滿十八周歲的公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財產狀況、居住期限，都有選舉權和被選舉權；但是依照法律被剝奪政治權利的人除外。

Article 34 All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law.

第三十五條   中華人民共和國公民有言論、出版、集會、結社、遊行、示威的自由。

Article 35 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.

第三十六條   中華人民共和國公民有宗教信仰自由。

Article 36 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.

任何國家機關、社會團體和個人不得強制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧視信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。

No State organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion, nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion.

國家保護正常的宗教活動。任何人不得利用宗教進行破壞社會秩序、損害公民身體健康、妨礙國家教育制度的活動。

The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the State.

宗教團體和宗教事務不受外國勢力的支配。

Religious groups and religious affairs are not subject to foreign domination.

第三十七條   中華人民共和國公民的人身自由不受侵犯。

Article 37 Freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.

任何公民，非經人民檢察院批準或者決定或者人民法院決定，並由公安機關執行，不受逮捕。

No citizen may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security organ.

禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剝奪或者限制公民的人身自由，禁止非法搜查公民的身體。

Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens' freedom of the person by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.

第三十八條   中華人民共和國公民的人格尊嚴不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法對公民進行侮辱、誹謗和誣告陷害。

Article 38 The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, libel, false accusation or false incrimination directed against citizens by any means is prohibited.

第三十九條   中華人民共和國公民的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。

Article 39 The residences of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable. Unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizen's residence is prohibited.

第四十條   中華人民共和國公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保護。除因國家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要，由公安機關或者檢察機關依照法律規定的程序對通信進行檢查外，任何組織或者個人不得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。

Article 40 The freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the People's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any ground, infringe upon citizens' freedom and privacy of correspondence, except in cases where, to meet the needs of State security or of criminal investigation, public security or procuratorial organs are permitted to censor correspondence in accordance with procedures prescribed by law.

第四十一條   中華人民共和國公民對於任何國家機關和國家工作人員，有提出批評和建議的權利；對於任何國家機關和國家工作人員的違法失職行為，有向有關國家機關提出申訴、控告或者檢舉的權利，但是不得捏造或者歪曲事實進行誣告陷害。

Article 41 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions regarding any State organ or functionary. Citizens have the right to make to relevant State organs complaints or charges against, or exposures of, violation of the law or dereliction of duty by any State organ or functionary; but fabrication or distortion of facts for purposes of libel or false incrimination is prohibited.

對於公民的申訴、控告或者檢舉，有關國家機關必須查清事實，負責處理。任何人不得壓制和打擊報複。

The State organ concerned must, in a responsible manner and by ascertaining the facts, deal with the complaints, charges or exposures made by citizens. No one may suppress such complaints, charges and exposures, or retaliate against the citizens making them.

由於國家機關和國家工作人員侵犯公民權利而受到損失的人，有依照法律規定取得賠償的權利。

Citizens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement of their civic rights by any State organ or functionary have the right to compensation in accordance with the provisions of law.

第四十二條   中華人民共和國公民有勞動的權利和義務。

Article 42 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to work.

國家通過各種途徑，創造勞動就業條件，加強勞動保護，改善勞動條件，並在發展生產的基礎上，提高勞動報酬和福利待遇。

Through various channels, the State creates conditions for employment, enhances occupational safety and health, improves working conditions and, on the basis of expanded production, increases remuneration for work and welfare benefits.

勞動是一切有勞動能力的公民的光榮職責。國有企業和城鄉集體經濟組織的勞動者都應當以國家主人翁的態度對待自己的勞動。國家提倡社會主義勞動競賽，獎勵勞動模範和先進工作者。國家提倡公民從事義務勞動。

Work is the glorious duty of every able-bodied citizen. All working people in State-owned enterprises and in urban and rural economic collectives should approach their work as the masters of the country that they are. The State promotes socialist labour emulation, and commends and rewards model and advanced workers. The State encourages citizens to take part in voluntary labour.

國家對就業前的公民進行必要的勞動就業訓練。

The state provides necessary vocational training for citizens before they are employed.

第四十三條   中華人民共和國勞動者有休息的權利。

Article 43 Working people in the People's Republic of China have the right to rest.

國家發展勞動者休息和休養的設施，規定職工的工作時間和休假制度。

The State expands facilities for the rest and recuperation of the working people and prescribes working hours and vacations for workers and staff.

第四十四條   國家依照法律規定實行企業事業組織的職工和國家機關工作人員的退休制度。退休人員的生活受到國家和社會的保障。

Article 44 The State applies the system of retirement for workers and staff in enterprises and institutions and for functionaries of organs of state according to law. The life of retired people is guaranteed by the state and society.

第四十五條   中華人民共和國公民在年老、疾病或者喪失勞動能力的情況下，有從國家和社會獲得物質幫助的權利。國家發展為公民享受這些權利所需要的社會保險、社會救濟和醫療衛生事業。

Article 45 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to material assistance from the state and society when they are old, ill or disabled. The State develops social insurance, social relief and medical and health services that are required for citizens to enjoy this right.

國家和社會保障殘廢軍人的生活，撫恤烈士家屬，優待軍人家屬。

The State and society ensure the livelihood of disabled servicemen, provide pensions to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families of servicemen.

國家和社會幫助安排盲、聾、啞和其他有殘疾的公民的勞動、生活和教育。

The State and society help make arrangements for the work, livelihood and education of the blind, deaf-mutes and other handicapped citizens.

第四十六條   中華人民共和國公民有受教育的權利和義務。

Article 46 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty as well as the right to receive education.

國家培養青年、少年、兒童在品德、智力、體質等方面全面發展。

The State promotes the all-round moral, intellectual and physical development of children and young people.

第四十七條   中華人民共和國公民有進行科學研究、文學藝術創作和其他文化活動的自由。國家對於從事教育、科學、技術、文學、藝術和其他文化事業的公民的有益於人民的創造性工作，給以鼓勵和幫助。

Article 47 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation and other cultural pursuits. The State encourages and assists creative endeavours conducive to the interests of the people that are made by citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural work.

第四十八條   中華人民共和國婦女在政治的、經濟的、文化的、社會的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的權利。

Article 48 Women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social and family life.

國家保護婦女的權利和利益，實行男女同工同酬，培養和選拔婦女幹部。

The State protects the rights and interests of women, applies the principle of equal pay for equal work to men and women alike and trains and selects cadres from among women.

第四十九條   婚姻、家庭、母親和兒童受國家的保護。

Article 49 Marriage, the family and mother and child are protected by the state.

夫妻雙方有實行計劃生育的義務。

Both husband and wife shall practice family planning.

父母有撫養教育未成年子女的義務，成年子女有贍養扶助父母的義務。

Parents have the duty to rear and educate their children who are minors, and children who have come of age have the duty to support and assist their parents.

禁止破壞婚姻自由，禁止虐待老人、婦女和兒童。

Violation of the freedom of marriage is prohibited. Maltreatment of old people, women and children is prohibited.

第五十條   中華人民共和國保護華僑的正當的權利和利益，保護歸僑和僑眷的合法的權利和利益。

Article 50 The People's Republic of China protects the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protects the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad.

第五十一條   中華人民共和國公民在行使自由和權利的時候，不得損害國家的、社會的、集體的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和權利。

Article 51 Citizens of the People's Republic of China, in exercising their freedoms and rights, may not infringe upon the interests of the State, of society or of the collective, or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens.

第五十二條   中華人民共和國公民有維護國家統一和全國各民族團結的義務。

Article 52 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the unification of the country and the unity of all its nationalities.

第五十三條   中華人民共和國公民必須遵守憲法和法律，保守國家秘密，愛護公共財產，遵守勞動紀律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社會公德。

Article 53 Citizens of the People's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe labour discipline and public order and respect social ethics.

第五十四條   中華人民共和國公民有維護祖國的安全、榮譽和利益的義務，不得有危害祖國的安全、榮譽和利益的行為。

Article 54 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to safeguard the security, honour and interests of the motherland; they must not commit acts detrimental to the security, honour and interests of the motherland.

第五十五條   保衛祖國、抵抗侵略是中華人民共和國每一個公民的神聖職責。

Article 55 It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression.

依照法律服兵役和參加民兵組織是中華人民共和國公民的光榮義務。

It is the honorable duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service or join the militia in accordance with law.

第五十六條   中華人民共和國公民有依照法律納稅的義務。

Article 56 It is the duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to pay taxes in accordance with the law.

第三章 國家機構

Chapter 3 The Structure of the State

第一節 全國人民代表大會

Section 1 The National People’s Congress

第五十七條   中華人民共和國全國人民代表大會是最高國家權力機關。它的常設機關是全國人民代表大會常務委員會。

Article 57 The National People 's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

第五十八條   全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會行使國家立法權。

Article 58 The legislative power of the State shall be exercised by the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第五十九條   全國人民代表大會由省、自治區、直轄市、特別行政區和軍隊選出的代表組成。各少數民族都應當有適當名額的代表。

Article 59 The National People 's Congress is composed of deputies elected by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and by the armed forces. All the minority nationalities should have appropriate representation.

全國人民代表大會代表的選舉由全國人民代表大會常務委員會主持。

Election of deputies to the National People 's Congress is presided over by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

全國人民代表大會代表名額和代表產生辦法由法律規定。

The number of deputies to the National People 's Congress and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

第六十條   全國人民代表大會每屆任期五年。

Article 60 The National People 's Congress is elected for a term of five years.

全國人民代表大會任期屆滿的兩個月以前，全國人民代表大會常務委員會必須完成下屆全國人民代表大會代表的選舉。如果遇到不能進行選舉的非常情況，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會以全體組成人員的三分之二以上的多數通過，可以推遲選舉，延長本屆全國人民代表大會的任期。在非常情況結束後一年內，必須完成下屆全國人民代表大會代表的選舉。

The Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress must complete the election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress two months prior to the expiration of the term of office of the current National People's Congress. Should extraordinary circumstances prevent such an election, it may be postponed and the term of office of the current National People 's Congress extended by the decision of a majority vote of more than two-thirds of all those on the Standing Committee of the current National People's Congress. The election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress must be completed within one year after the termination of such extraordinary circumstances.

第六十一條   全國人民代表大會會議每年舉行一次，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會召集。如果全國人民代表大會常務委員會認為必要，或者有五分之一以上的全國人民代表大會代表提議，可以臨時召集全國人民代表大會會議。

Article 61 The National People's Congress meets in session once a year and is convened by its Standing Committee. A session of the National People 's Congress may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems it necessary or when more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose.

全國人民代表大會舉行會議的時候，選舉主席團主持會議。

When the National People's Congress meets, it elects a presidium to conduct its session.

第六十二條   全國人民代表大會行使下列職權：

Article 62 The National People 's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）修改憲法；

1. Amendment of the Constitution;

（二）監督憲法的實施；

(II) Supervision of the enforcement of the Constitution;

（三）制定和修改刑事、民事、國家機構的和其他的基本法律；

(III) to enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offences, civil affairs, the State organs and other matters;

（四）選舉中華人民共和國主席、副主席；

(IV) to elect the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

（五）根據中華人民共和國主席的提名，決定國務院總理的人選；根據國務院總理的提名，決定國務院副總理、國務委員、各部部長、各委員會主任、審計長、秘書長的人選；

(V) to decide on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President of the People's Republic of China, and on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier;

（六）選舉中央軍事委員會主席；根據中央軍事委員會主席的提名，決定中央軍事委員會其他組成人員的人選；

(VI) Election of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and, upon nomination by the chairman, confirm candidates for the other posts in the Central Military Commission;

（七）選舉國家監察委員會主任；

(VII) Election of the Director of the National Supervision Commission;

（八）選舉最高人民法院院長；

(VIII) to elect the President of the Supreme People's Court;

（九）選舉最高人民檢察院檢察長；

(IX) to elect the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

（十）審查和批準國民經濟和社會發展計劃和計劃執行情況的報告；

(X) Examination and approval of plans for national economic and social development and reports on the implementation thereof;

（十一）審查和批準國家的預算和預算執行情況的報告；

(XI) Examination and approval of the national budget and reports on the implementation thereof;

（十二）改變或者撤銷全國人民代表大會常務委員會不適當的決定；

(XII) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress;

（十三）批準省、自治區和直轄市的建置；

(XIII) to approve the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十四）決定特別行政區的設立及其制度；

(XIV) Decisions related to the establishment of special administrative regions and the systems to be instituted there;

（十五）決定戰爭和和平的問題；

(XV) Decisions related to issues of war and peace;

（十六）應當由最高國家權力機關行使的其他職權。

(XVI) to exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise.

第六十三條   全國人民代表大會有權罷免下列人員：

Article 63 The National People 's Congress has the power to remove from office the following persons:

（一）中華人民共和國主席、副主席；

1. the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China;

（二）國務院總理、副總理、國務委員、各部部長、各委員會主任、審計長、秘書長；

2. the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council;

（三）中央軍事委員會主席和中央軍事委員會其他組成人員；

(III) The Chairman of the Central Military Commission and other members of the commission;

（四）國家監察委員會主任；

(IV) Director of the National Supervisory Commission;

（五）最高人民法院院長；

(V) the President of the Supreme People's Court;

（六）最高人民檢察院檢察長。

(VI) the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate.

第六十四條   憲法的修改，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會或者五分之一以上的全國人民代表大會代表提議，並由全國人民代表大會以全體代表的三分之二以上的多數通過。

Article 64 Amendments to the Constitution are to be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress and adopted by a vote of more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the Congress.

法律和其他議案由全國人民代表大會以全體代表的過半數通過。

Laws and resolutions are to be adopted by a majority vote of all the deputies to the National People 's Congress.

第六十五條   全國人民代表大會常務委員會由下列人員組成：

Article 65 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed as follows:

委員長，

The Chairman,

副委員長若幹人，

The Vice-Chairmen,

秘書長，

The Secretary-General,

委員若幹人。

Several members.

全國人民代表大會常務委員會組成人員中，應當有適當名額的少數民族代表。

On the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress there should be an appropriate number of deputies from the minority nationalities.

全國人民代表大會選舉並有權罷免全國人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員。

The National People 's Congress elects, and has the power to recall, members of its Standing Committee.

全國人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員不得擔任國家行政機關、監察機關、審判機關和檢察機關的職務。

No member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall hold office in any state administrative, supervisory, judicial, or procuratorial institution.

第六十六條   全國人民代表大會常務委員會每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同，它行使職權到下屆全國人民代表大會選出新的常務委員會為止。

Article 66 The Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress is elected for the same term as the National People's Congress; it shall exercise its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding National People's Congress.

委員長、副委員長連續任職不得超過兩屆。

The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第六十七條   全國人民代表大會常務委員會行使下列職權：

Article 67 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）解釋憲法，監督憲法的實施；

1. to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement;

（二）制定和修改除應當由全國人民代表大會制定的法律以外的其他法律；

2. to enact and amend laws, with the exception of those which should be enacted by the National People 's Congress;

（三）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，對全國人民代表大會制定的法律進行部分補充和修改，但是不得同該法律的基本原則相抵觸；

(III) to partially supplement and amend, when the National People 's Congress is not in session, laws enacted by the National People's Congress provided that the basic principles of these laws are not contravened;

（四）解釋法律；

(IV) to interpret laws;

（五）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，審查和批準國民經濟和社會發展計劃、國家預算在執行過程中所必須作的部分調整方案；

(V) to review and approve, when the National People's Congress is not in session, partial adjustments to the plan for national economic and social development or to the state budget that prove necessary in the course of their implementation;

（六）監督國務院、中央軍事委員會、國家監察委員會、最高人民法院和最高人民檢察院的工作；

(VI) to supervise the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the National Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate;

（七）撤銷國務院制定的同憲法、法律相抵觸的行政法規、決定和命令；

(VII) to annul those administrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council that contravene the Constitution or the law;

（八）撤銷省、自治區、直轄市國家權力機關制定的同憲法、法律和行政法規相抵觸的地方性法規和決議；

(VIII) to annul those local regulations or decisions of the organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution, the law or the administrative rules and regulations;

（九）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，根據國務院總理的提名，決定部長、委員會主任、審計長、秘書長的人選；

(IX) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session and upon nomination by the Premier of the State Council, on the choice of Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General or the Secretary-General of the State Council;

（十）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，根據中央軍事委員會主席的提名，決定中央軍事委員會其他組成人員的人選；

(X) to decide, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, on the choice of other members of the Commission, when the National People's Congress is not in session;

（十一）根據國家監察委員會主任的提請，任免國家監察委員會副主任、委員；

(XI) Appointment and removal of deputy directors and commission members of the National Supervision Commission, at the recommendation of the director of the National Supervision Commission;

（十二）根據最高人民法院院長的提請，任免最高人民法院副院長、審判員、審判委員會委員和軍事法院院長；

(XII) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Vice-Presidents and Judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of its Judicial Committee and the President of the Military Court;

（十三）根據最高人民檢察院檢察長的提請，任免最高人民檢察院副檢察長、檢察員、檢察委員會委員和軍事檢察院檢察長，並且批準省、自治區、直轄市的人民檢察院檢察長的任免；

(XIII) to appoint or remove, at the recommendation of the Procurator -General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Deputy Procurators-General and procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of its Procuratorial Committee and the Chief Procurator of the Military Procuratorate, and to approve the appointment or removal of the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十四）決定駐外全權代表的任免；

(XIV) to decide on the appointment or dismissal of authorized representatives abroad;

（十五）決定同外國締結的條約和重要協定的批準和廢除；

(XV) to decide on the ratification or abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states;

（十六）規定軍人和外交人員的銜級制度和其他專門銜級制度；

(XVI) to institute systems of titles and ranks for military and diplomatic personnel and of other specific titles and ranks;

（十七）規定和決定授予國家的勳章和榮譽稱號；

(XVII) to prescribe and decide on national medals and titles of honour;

（十八）決定特赦；

(XVIII) to decide on the granting of amnesty;

（十九）在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，如果遇到國家遭受武裝侵犯或者必須履行國際間共同防止侵略的條約的情況，決定戰爭狀態的宣布；

(XIX) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the proclamation of a state of war in the event of an armed attack on the country or in fulfillment of international treaty obligations concerning common defence against aggression;

（二十）決定全國總動員或者局部動員；

(XX) to decide on general mobilization or partial mobilization;

（二十一）決定全國或者個別省、自治區、直轄市進入緊急狀態；

(XXI) to decide on the declaration of the country, or particular provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government, to be under a state of emergency; and

（二十二）全國人民代表大會授予的其他職權。

(XXII) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People 's Congress may assign to it.

第六十八條   全國人民代表大會常務委員會委員長主持全國人民代表大會常務委員會的工作，召集全國人民代表大會常務委員會會議。副委員長、秘書長協助委員長工作。

Article 68 The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress directs the work of the Standing Committee and convenes its meetings. The Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary-General shall assist the Chairman in his work.

委員長、副委員長、秘書長組成委員長會議，處理全國人民代表大會常務委員會的重要日常工作。

The chairman, the Vice- Chairmen and the Secretary-General constitute the Council of Chairmen which handles the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

第六十九條   全國人民代表大會常務委員會對全國人民代表大會負責並報告工作。

Article 69 The Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress is responsible to the National People's Congress and reports on its work to the Congress.

第七十條   全國人民代表大會設立民族委員會、憲法和法律委員會、財政經濟委員會、教育科學文化衛生委員會、外事委員會、華僑委員會和其他需要設立的專門委員會。在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，各專門委員會受全國人民代表大會常務委員會的領導。

Article 70 The National People's Congress establishes Ethnic Affairs Committee, Constitution and Law Committee, Finance and Economic Committee, Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee, Foreign Affairs Committee, Overseas Chinese Committee and such other special committees as are necessary. These special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session.

各專門委員會在全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會領導下，研究、審議和擬訂有關議案。

The special committees examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions under the direction of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第七十一條   全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會認為必要的時候，可以組織關於特定問題的調查委員會，並且根據調查委員會的報告，作出相應的決議。

Article 71 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee may, when they deem it necessary, appoint committees of inquiry into specific questions and adopt relevant resolutions in the light of their reports.

調查委員會進行調查的時候，一切有關的國家機關、社會團體和公民都有義務向它提供必要的材料。

When the commission of inquiry conducts its investigations, all relevant State organs, public organizations and citizens are obliged to provide it with the necessary information.

第七十二條   全國人民代表大會代表和全國人民代表大會常務委員會組成人員，有權依照法律規定的程序分別提出屬於全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會職權範圍內的議案。

Article 72 Deputies to the National People 's Congress and all those on its Standing Committee have the right, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit bills and proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第七十三條   全國人民代表大會代表在全國人民代表大會開會期間，全國人民代表大會常務委員會組成人員在常務委員會開會期間，有權依照法律規定的程序提出對國務院或者國務院各部、各委員會的質詢案。受質詢的機關必須負責答複。

Article 73 Deputies to the National People 's Congress during its sessions, and all those on its Standing Committee during its meetings, have the right to address questions, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under the State Council. The organ questioned must answer the questions in a responsible manner.

第七十四條   全國人民代表大會代表，非經全國人民代表大會會議主席團許可，在全國人民代表大會閉會期間非經全國人民代表大會常務委員會許可，不受逮捕或者刑事審判。

Article 74 No deputy to the National People 's Congress may be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the Presidium of the current session of the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, without the consent of its Standing Committee.

第七十五條   全國人民代表大會代表在全國人民代表大會各種會議上的發言和表決，不受法律追究。

Article 75 Deputies to the National People 's Congress may not be held legally liable for their speeches or votes at its meetings.

第七十六條   全國人民代表大會代表必須模範地遵守憲法和法律，保守國家秘密，並且在自己參加的生產、工作和社會活動中，協助憲法和法律的實施。

Article 76 Deputies to the National People 's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets and, in public activities, production and other work, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the law.

全國人民代表大會代表應當同原選舉單位和人民保持密切的聯系，聽取和反映人民的意見和要求，努力為人民服務。

Deputies to the National People 's Congress should maintain close contact with the units and people which elected them, listen to and convey their opinions and demands and work hard to serve them.

第七十七條   全國人民代表大會代表受原選舉單位的監督。原選舉單位有權依照法律規定的程序罷免本單位選出的代表。

Article 77 Deputies to the National People 's Congress are subject to supervision by the units which elected them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies they elected.

第七十八條   全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會的組織和工作程序由法律規定。

Article 78 The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee are prescribed by law.

第二節 中華人民共和國主席

Section 2 President of the People’s Republic of China

第七十九條   中華人民共和國主席、副主席由全國人民代表大會選舉。

Article 79 The President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People 's Congress.

有選舉權和被選舉權的年滿四十五周歲的中華人民共和國公民可以被選為中華人民共和國主席、副主席。

Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as President or Vice-President of the People's Republic of China.

中華人民共和國主席、副主席每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同。

The term of office of the President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China is the same as that of the National People 's Congress.

第八十條   中華人民共和國主席根據全國人民代表大會的決定和全國人民代表大會常務委員會的決定，公布法律，任免國務院總理、副總理、國務委員、各部部長、各委員會主任、審計長、秘書長，授予國家的勳章和榮譽稱號，發布特赦令，宣布進入緊急狀態，宣布戰爭狀態，發布動員令。

Article 80 The President of the People's Republic of China, in pursuance of the decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates statutes, appoints or removes the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of Ministries or Commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council; confers state medals and titles of honour; issues orders of special pardons; proclaims martial law; proclaims a state of war; and issues mobilization orders.

第八十一條   中華人民共和國主席代表中華人民共和國，進行國事活動，接受外國使節；根據全國人民代表大會常務委員會的決定，派遣和召回駐外全權代表，批準和廢除同外國締結的條約和重要協定。

Article 81 The President of the People's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of the decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints or recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies or abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.

第八十二條   中華人民共和國副主席協助主席工作。

Article 82 The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China assists the President in his work.

中華人民共和國副主席受主席的委托，可以代行主席的部分職權。

The Vice-President of the People's Republic of China may exercise such functions and powers of the President as the President may entrust to him.

第八十三條   中華人民共和國主席、副主席行使職權到下屆全國人民代表大會選出的主席、副主席就職為止。

Article 83 The President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China exercise their functions and powers until the new President and Vice-President elected by the succeeding National People 's Congress assume office.

第八十四條   中華人民共和國主席缺位的時候，由副主席繼任主席的職位。

Article 84 In case the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice-President succeeds to the office of the President.

中華人民共和國副主席缺位的時候，由全國人民代表大會補選。

In the event that the office of the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People 's Congress shall elect a new Vice-President to fill the vacancy.

中華人民共和國主席、副主席都缺位的時候，由全國人民代表大會補選；在補選以前，由全國人民代表大會常務委員會委員長暫時代理主席職位。

In the event that the offices of both the President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China fall vacant, the National People 's Congress shall elect a new President and a new Vice-President. Prior to such election, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall temporarily act as the President of the People's Republic of China.

第三節 國務院

Section 3 State Council

第八十五條   中華人民共和國國務院，即中央人民政府，是最高國家權力機關的執行機關，是最高國家行政機關。

Article 85 The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the People's Republic of China is the executive body of the highest organ of state power; it is the highest organ of state administration.

第八十六條   國務院由下列人員組成：

Article 86 The State Council is composed as follows:

總理，

The Premier,

副總理若幹人，

Deputy prime ministers,

國務委員若幹人，

The State Councilors,

各部部長，

The Ministers,

各委員會主任，

The chairmen of all committees,

審計長，

The Comptroller General,

秘書長。

Secretary-General.

國務院實行總理負責制。各部、各委員會實行部長、主任負責制。

The State Council adopts the premier responsibility system. The Ministers assume overall responsibility for the work of the ministries and commissions.

國務院的組織由法律規定。

The organization of the State Council is dictated by law.

第八十七條   國務院每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同。

Article 87 The term of office of the State Council is the same as that of the National People 's Congress.

總理、副總理、國務委員連續任職不得超過兩屆。

The Premier, Vice-Premiers and State Councillors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

第八十八條   總理領導國務院的工作。副總理、國務委員協助總理工作。

Article 88 The Premier directs the work of the State Council. The Vice-Premiers and State Councilors assist the Premier in his work.

總理、副總理、國務委員、秘書長組成國務院常務會議。

The executive meetings of the State Council are attended by the Premier, the Vice-Premiers, the State Councillors and the Secretary-General of the State Council.

總理召集和主持國務院常務會議和國務院全體會議。

The premier shall convene and preside over the executive meetings and plenary meetings of the State Council.

第八十九條   國務院行使下列職權：

Article 89 The State Council exercises the following functions and powers:

（一）根據憲法和法律，規定行政措施，制定行政法規，發布決定和命令；

1. to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the law;

（二）向全國人民代表大會或者全國人民代表大會常務委員會提出議案；

(II) to submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee;

（三）規定各部和各委員會的任務和職責，統一領導各部和各委員會的工作，並且領導不屬於各部和各委員會的全國性的行政工作；

(III) Specify the duties and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions of the State Council, exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions, and direct national administrative work which does not fall under the jurisdiction of the ministries and commissions;

（四）統一領導全國地方各級國家行政機關的工作，規定中央和省、自治區、直轄市的國家行政機關的職權的具體劃分；

(IV) to exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at various levels throughout the country, and to formulate the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（五）編制和執行國民經濟和社會發展計劃和國家預算；

(V) to draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget;

（六）領導和管理經濟工作和城鄉建設、生態文明建設；

(VI) Direction and administration of economic affairs, urban and rural development, and ecological civilization construction;

（七）領導和管理教育、科學、文化、衛生、體育和計劃生育工作；

(VII) to direct and administer the affairs of education, science, culture, public health, physical culture and family planning;

（八）領導和管理民政、公安、司法行政等工作；

(VIII) to direct and administer civil affairs, public security, judicial administration, etc.;

（九）管理對外事務，同外國締結條約和協定；

(IX) to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states;

（十）領導和管理國防建設事業；

(X) to direct and administer the building of national defence;

（十一）領導和管理民族事務，保障少數民族的平等權利和民族自治地方的自治權利；

(XI) to direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities and to safeguard the equal rights of minority nationalities and the right to autonomy of the national autonomous areas;

（十二）保護華僑的正當的權利和利益，保護歸僑和僑眷的合法的權利和利益；

(XII) to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protect the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad;

（十三）改變或者撤銷各部、各委員會發布的不適當的命令、指示和規章；

(XIII) to alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by the ministries or commissions;

（十四）改變或者撤銷地方各級國家行政機關的不適當的決定和命令；

(XIV) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at various levels;

（十五）批準省、自治區、直轄市的區域劃分，批準自治州、縣、自治縣、市的建置和區域劃分；

(XV) to approve the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;

（十六）依照法律規定決定省、自治區、直轄市的範圍內部分地區進入緊急狀態；

(XVI) to decide on the imposition of martial law in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;

（十七）審定行政機構的編制，依照法律規定任免、培訓、考核和獎懲行政人員；

(XVII) to examine and decide on the size of administrative organs and, and, in accordance with the law, to appoint or remove administrative officials, train them, appraise their performance and reward or punish them; and

（十八）全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會授予的其他職權。

(XVIII) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee may assign to it.

第九十條   國務院各部部長、各委員會主任負責本部門的工作；召集和主持部務會議或者委員會會議、委務會議，討論決定本部門工作的重大問題。

Article 90 Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions of the State Council are responsible for the work of their respective departments and they convene and preside over ministerial meetings or general and executive meetings of the commissions to discuss and decide on major issues in the work of their respective departments.

各部、各委員會根據法律和國務院的行政法規、決定、命令，在本部門的權限內，發布命令、指示和規章。

The ministries and commissions issue orders, directives and regulations within the jurisdiction of their respective departments and in accordance with the law and the administrative regulations, decisions and orders issued by the State Council.

第九十一條   國務院設立審計機關，對國務院各部門和地方各級政府的財政收支，對國家的財政金融機構和企業事業組織的財務收支，進行審計監督。

Article 91 The State Council establishes an auditing body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at various levels, and those of the state financial and monetary organizations, enterprises and institutions.

審計機關在國務院總理領導下，依照法律規定獨立行使審計監督權，不受其他行政機關、社會團體和個人的幹涉。

Under the direction of the Premier of the State Council, the auditing body independently exercises its power of supervision through auditing in accordance with the law, subject to no interference by any other administrative organ or any public organization or individual.

第九十二條   國務院對全國人民代表大會負責並報告工作；在全國人民代表大會閉會期間，對全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責並報告工作。

Article 92 The State Council is responsible, and reports on its work, to the National People 's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, to its Standing Committee.

第四節 中央軍事委員會

Section 4 Central Military Commission

第九十三條   中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會領導全國武裝力量。

Article 93 The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country.

中央軍事委員會由下列人員組成：

The Central Military Commission is composed as follows:

主席，

The Chairman,

副主席若幹人，

The Vice-Presidents,

委員若幹人。

Several members.

中央軍事委員會實行主席負責制。

The Chairman of the Central Military Commission has overall responsibility for the commission.

中央軍事委員會每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同。

The terms of office of the Central Military Commission are the same as those of the deputies to the National People 's Congress.

第九十四條   中央軍事委員會主席對全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責。

Article 94 The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

第五節 地方各級人民代表大會和地方各級人民政府

Section 5 The Local People's Congresses and the Local People's Governments at Various Levels

第九十五條   省、直轄市、縣、市、市轄區、鄉、民族鄉、鎮設立人民代表大會和人民政府。

Article 95 People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns.

地方各級人民代表大會和地方各級人民政府的組織由法律規定。

The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at various levels is dictated by law.

自治區、自治州、自治縣設立自治機關。自治機關的組織和工作根據憲法第三章第五節、第六節規定的基本原則由法律規定。

Organs of self-government are established in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. The organization and working procedures of organs of self-government are prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Sections 5 and 6 of Chapter III of the Constitution.

第九十六條   地方各級人民代表大會是地方國家權力機關。

Article 96 Local people's congresses at various levels are local organs of state power.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會設立常務委員會。

Standing committees shall be established by local people's congresses at and above the county level.

第九十七條   省、直轄市、設區的市的人民代表大會代表由下一級的人民代表大會選舉；縣、不設區的市、市轄區、鄉、民族鄉、鎮的人民代表大會代表由選民直接選舉。

Article 97 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level; Deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are elected directly by their constituencies.

地方各級人民代表大會代表名額和代表產生辦法由法律規定。

The number of deputies to local people's congresses at various levels and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

第九十八條   地方各級人民代表大會每屆任期五年。

Article 98 The term of office for each local people 's congress shall be five years.

第九十九條   地方各級人民代表大會在本行政區域內，保證憲法、法律、行政法規的遵守和執行；依照法律規定的權限，通過和發布決議，審查和決定地方的經濟建設、文化建設和公共事業建設的計劃。

Article 99 Local people's congresses at various levels ensure the observance and implementation of the Constitution and the law and the administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and decide on plans for local economic and cultural development and for the development of public services.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會審查和批準本行政區域內的國民經濟和社會發展計劃、預算以及它們的執行情況的報告；有權改變或者撤銷本級人民代表大會常務委員會不適當的決定。

Local people's congresses at and above the county level shall examine and approve the plans for economic and social development and the budgets of their respective administrative areas and examine and approve the reports on their implementation. They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees.

民族鄉的人民代表大會可以依照法律規定的權限采取適合民族特點的具體措施。

The people's congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the characteristics of the nationalities concerned.

第一百條   省、直轄市的人民代表大會和它們的常務委員會，在不同憲法、法律、行政法規相抵觸的前提下，可以制定地方性法規，報全國人民代表大會常務委員會備案。

Article 100 The people's congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and their standing committees, may adopt local regulations, which must not contravene the Constitution and other laws and administrative regulations, and they shall report such local regulations to the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress for the record.

設區的市的人民代表大會和它們的常務委員會，在不同憲法、法律、行政法規和本省、自治區的地方性法規相抵觸的前提下，可以依照法律規定制定地方性法規，報本省、自治區人民代表大會常務委員會批準後施行。

People's congresses of cities with districts as well as the standing committees thereof may formulate local regulations in accordance with legal provisions, as long as they do not contradict the Constitution, laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations released by the local provinces or autonomous regions, and implement such regulations once approved by the standing committees of the local provinces or autonomous regions.

第一百零一條   地方各級人民代表大會分別選舉並且有權罷免本級人民政府的省長和副省長、市長和副市長、縣長和副縣長、區長和副區長、鄉長和副鄉長、鎮長和副鎮長。

Article 101 Local people's congresses at their respective levels elect and have the power to recall governors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads and deputy heads of counties, districts, townships and towns.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會選舉並且有權罷免本級監察委員會主任、本級人民法院院長和本級人民檢察院檢察長。選出或者罷免人民檢察院檢察長，須報上級人民檢察院檢察長提請該級人民代表大會常務委員會批準。

Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect and have the power to recall directors of the supervisory commissions, presidents of the people's courts and chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the corresponding level. The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.

第一百零二條   省、直轄市、設區的市的人民代表大會代表受原選舉單位的監督；縣、不設區的市、市轄區、鄉、民族鄉、鎮的人民代表大會代表受選民的監督。

Article 102 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units which elected them; Deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies.

地方各級人民代表大會代表的選舉單位和選民有權依照法律規定的程序罷免由他們選出的代表。

The electoral units and constituencies which elect deputies to local people's congresses at various levels have the power to recall the deputies according to procedures prescribed by law.

第一百零三條   縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會常務委員會由主任、副主任若幹人和委員若幹人組成，對本級人民代表大會負責並報告工作。

Article 103 The standing committee of a local people 's congress at and above the county level is composed of a chairman, vice-chairmen and members, and is responsible and reports on its work to the people's congress at the corresponding level.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會選舉並有權罷免本級人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員。

Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, members of their standing committees.

縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會常務委員會的組成人員不得擔任國家行政機關、監察機關、審判機關和檢察機關的職務。

No member of the standing committee of a local people's congress at or above the county level shall hold concurrent office in state administrative, supervisory, judicial, or procuratorial institutions.

第一百零四條   縣級以上的地方各級人民代表大會常務委員會討論、決定本行政區域內各方面工作的重大事項；監督本級人民政府、監察委員會、人民法院和人民檢察院的工作；撤銷本級人民政府的不適當的決定和命令；撤銷下一級人民代表大會的不適當的決議；依照法律規定的權限決定國家機關工作人員的任免；在本級人民代表大會閉會期間，罷免和補選上一級人民代表大會的個別代表。

Article 104 The standing committee of a local people 's congress at or above the county level discusses and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative area; supervises the work of the people's government, the supervisory committee, the people's court and people's procuratorate at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's government at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate resolutions of the people's congress at the next lower level; decides on the appointment or removal of functionaries of state organs within the limits of its authority as prescribed by law; and, when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, recalls individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level and elects individual deputies to fill vacancies in that people's congress.

第一百零五條   地方各級人民政府是地方各級國家權力機關的執行機關，是地方各級國家行政機關。

Article 105 Local people's governments at various levels are the executive bodies of local organs of state power as well as the local organs of state administration at the corresponding levels.

地方各級人民政府實行省長、市長、縣長、區長、鄉長、鎮長負責制。

Governors, mayors and heads of counties, districts, townships and towns assume overall responsibility for local people's governments at various levels.

第一百零六條   地方各級人民政府每屆任期同本級人民代表大會每屆任期相同。

Article 106 The term of office of local people's governments at various levels is the same as that of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels.

第一百零七條   縣級以上地方各級人民政府依照法律規定的權限，管理本行政區域內的經濟、教育、科學、文化、衛生、體育事業、城鄉建設事業和財政、民政、公安、民族事務、司法行政、計劃生育等行政工作，發布決定和命令，任免、培訓、考核和獎懲行政工作人員。

Article 107 Within the range of their authority as prescribed by law, local people's governments at or above the county level carry out administrative tasks related to the economy, education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, urban and rural development, finance, civic affairs, law enforcement, minority affairs, administration of justice, and family planning in their respective jurisdictions, as well as issue decisions and orders and carry out the appointment, training, appraisal, commendation, sanction, and removal of administrative officials.

鄉、民族鄉、鎮的人民政府執行本級人民代表大會的決議和上級國家行政機關的決定和命令，管理本行政區域內的行政工作。

People's governments of townships, nationality townships, and towns execute the resolutions of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas.

省、直轄市的人民政府決定鄉、民族鄉、鎮的建置和區域劃分。

People's governments of provinces, and of municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and geographic division of townships, nationality townships, and towns.

第一百零八條   縣級以上的地方各級人民政府領導所屬各工作部門和下級人民政府的工作，有權改變或者撤銷所屬各工作部門和下級人民政府的不適當的決定。

Article 108 Local people's governments at or above the county level direct the work of their subordinate departments and of people's governments at lower levels, and have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their subordinate departments and of the people's governments at lower levels.

第一百零九條   縣級以上的地方各級人民政府設立審計機關。地方各級審計機關依照法律規定獨立行使審計監督權，對本級人民政府和上一級審計機關負責。

Article 109 Auditing bodies are established by local people's governments at and above the county level. Local auditing bodies at various levels, independently and in accordance with the provisions of law, exercise their power of supervision through auditing and are responsible to the people's government at the corresponding level and to the auditing body at the next higher level.

第一百一十條   地方各級人民政府對本級人民代表大會負責並報告工作。縣級以上的地方各級人民政府在本級人民代表大會閉會期間，對本級人民代表大會常務委員會負責並報告工作。

Article 110 Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to people's congresses at the corresponding levels. Local people's governments at or above the county level are responsible and report on their work to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels when the congresses are not in session.

地方各級人民政府對上一級國家行政機關負責並報告工作。全國地方各級人民政府都是國務院統一領導下的國家行政機關，都服從國務院。

Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to the state administrative organs at the next higher level. The local people's governments at various levels throughout the country shall be state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and shall be subordinate to it.

第一百一十一條   城市和農村按居民居住地區設立的居民委員會或者村民委員會是基層群眾性自治組織。居民委員會、村民委員會的主任、副主任和委員由居民選舉。居民委員會、村民委員會同基層政權的相互關系由法律規定。

Article 111 The residents committees and villagers committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass-roots level. The chairman, vice-chairmen and members of each residents or villagers committee are elected by the residents. The relationship between the residents and villagers committees and the grass-roots organs of state power is prescribed by law.

居民委員會、村民委員會設人民調解、治安保衛、公共衛生等委員會，辦理本居住地區的公共事務和公益事業，調解民間糾紛，協助維護社會治安，並且向人民政府反映群眾的意見、要求和提出建議。

The residents and villagers committees establish sub-committees for people's mediation, public security, public health and other matters in order to manage public affairs and social services in their areas, mediate civil disputes, help maintain public order and convey residents' opinions and demands and make suggestions to the people's government.

第六節 民族自治地方的自治機關

Section 6. The Authority of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas

第一百一十二條   民族自治地方的自治機關是自治區、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會和人民政府。

Article 112 The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall be the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties.

第一百一十三條   自治區、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會中，除實行區域自治的民族的代表外，其他居住在本行政區域內的民族也應當有適當名額的代表。

Article 113 In the people 's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county, in addition to the deputies of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also entitled to appropriate representation.

自治區、自治州、自治縣的人民代表大會常務委員會中應當有實行區域自治的民族的公民擔任主任或者副主任。

Among the chairman and vice-chairmen of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county there shall be one or more citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

第一百一十四條   自治區主席、自治州州長、自治縣縣長由實行區域自治的民族的公民擔任。

Article 114 The chairman of an autonomous region, the prefect of an autonomous prefecture or the head of an autonomous county shall be a citizen of the nationality exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

第一百一十五條   自治區、自治州、自治縣的自治機關行使憲法第三章第五節規定的地方國家機關的職權，同時依照憲法、民族區域自治法和其他法律規定的權限行使自治權，根據本地方實際情況貫徹執行國家的法律、政策。

Article 115 The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, prefectures and counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in Section 5 of Chapter III of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the power of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the law of regional national autonomy and other laws, and implement the laws and policies of the state in light of the existing local situation.

第一百一十六條   民族自治地方的人民代表大會有權依照當地民族的政治、經濟和文化的特點，制定自治條例和單行條例。自治區的自治條例和單行條例，報全國人民代表大會常務委員會批準後生效。自治州、自治縣的自治條例和單行條例，報省或者自治區的人民代表大會常務委員會批準後生效，並報全國人民代表大會常務委員會備案。

Article 116 The people's congresses of national autonomous areas shall have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned. The regulations on the exercise of autonomy and separate regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval before they go into effect. The regulations on the exercise of autonomy and separate regulations of autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

第一百一十七條   民族自治地方的自治機關有管理地方財政的自治權。凡是依照國家財政體制屬於民族自治地方的財政收入，都應當由民族自治地方的自治機關自主地安排使用。

Article 117 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be managed and used by the organs of self-government of these areas on their own.

第一百一十八條   民族自治地方的自治機關在國家計劃的指導下，自主地安排和管理地方性的經濟建設事業。

Article 118 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of state plans.

國家在民族自治地方開發資源、建設企業的時候，應當照顧民族自治地方的利益。

In exploiting natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the State shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.

第一百一十九條   民族自治地方的自治機關自主地管理本地方的教育、科學、文化、衛生、體育事業，保護和整理民族的文化遺產，發展和繁榮民族文化。

Article 119 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, sort out and protect the cultural legacy of the nationalities and work for the development and prosperity of their cultures.

第一百二十條   民族自治地方的自治機關依照國家的軍事制度和當地的實際需要，經國務院批準，可以組織本地方維護社會治安的公安部隊。

Article 120 The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the State and practical local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order.

第一百二十一條   民族自治地方的自治機關在執行職務的時候，依照本民族自治地方自治條例的規定，使用當地通用的一種或者幾種語言文字。

Article 121 In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordance with the regulations on the exercise of autonomy in those areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common use in the locality.

第一百二十二條   國家從財政、物資、技術等方面幫助各少數民族加速發展經濟建設和文化建設事業。

Article 122 The State provides financial, material and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to help accelerate their economic and cultural development.

國家幫助民族自治地方從當地民族中大量培養各級幹部、各種專業人才和技術工人。

The State helps national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at various levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of various professions and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.

第七節 監察委員會

Section 7 Supervision Committee

第一百二十三條   中華人民共和國各級監察委員會是國家的監察機關。

Article 123 The supervisory commissions of the People's Republic of China at all levels are the national supervisory authorities.

第一百二十四條   中華人民共和國設立國家監察委員會和地方各級監察委員會。

Article 124 The People's Republic of China establishes the National Supervisory Commission and local supervisory commissions at various levels.

監察委員會由下列人員組成：

The supervisory committee is composed of the following:

主任，

The Chairman,

副主任若幹人，

The vice-chairmen,

委員若幹人。

Several members.

監察委員會主任每屆任期同本級人民代表大會每屆任期相同。國家監察委員會主任連續任職不得超過兩屆。

The term of office of the director of a supervisory commission is the same as that of the people 's congress at the corresponding level. The Director of the National Supervision Commission shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

監察委員會的組織和職權由法律規定。

The organization and functions of the supervisory commission shall be specified by law.

第一百二十五條   中華人民共和國國家監察委員會是最高監察機關。

Article 125 The National Supervisory Commission of the People's Republic of China is the highest supervisory authority.

國家監察委員會領導地方各級監察委員會的工作，上級監察委員會領導下級監察委員會的工作。

The National Supervisory Commission guides the work of local supervisory commissions at all levels; a superior supervisory commission guides the work of a subordinate supervisory commission.

第一百二十六條   國家監察委員會對全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責。地方各級監察委員會對產生它的國家權力機關和上一級監察委員會負責。

Article 126 The National Supervisory Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Local supervisory commissions at various levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them and to the supervisory commissions at the next higher level.

第一百二十七條   監察委員會依照法律規定獨立行使監察權，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的幹涉。

Article 127 Supervisory commissions shall exercise their right of supervision independently in accordance with legal provisions, free from interference of administrative organs, social groups and individuals.

監察機關辦理職務違法和職務犯罪案件，應當與審判機關、檢察機關、執法部門互相配合，互相制約。

When handling cases of illegal or criminal acts by taking advantage of duty, supervisory agencies shall cooperate with judicial, procuratorial and law enforcement organs and restrict each other.

第八節 人民法院和人民檢察院

Section 8 People’s Courts and People’s Procuratorates

第一百二十八條   中華人民共和國人民法院是國家的審判機關。

Article 128 The people's courts in the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the State.

第一百二十九條   中華人民共和國設立最高人民法院、地方各級人民法院和軍事法院等專門人民法院。

Article 129 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Court and the people's courts at various local levels, military courts and other special people's courts.

最高人民法院院長每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同，連續任職不得超過兩屆。

The term of office of the President of the Supreme People's Court is the same as that of the National People 's Congress. The President shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

人民法院的組織由法律規定。

The organization of the people's courts is dictated by law.

第一百三十條   人民法院審理案件，除法律規定的特別情況外，一律公開進行。被告人有權獲得辯護。

Article 130 Except in special circumstances as specified by law, all cases in the people's courts are heard in public. The accused has the right to defence.

第一百三十一條   人民法院依照法律規定獨立行使審判權，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的幹涉。

Article 131 The people's courts exercise judicial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

第一百三十二條   最高人民法院是最高審判機關。

Article 132 The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ.

最高人民法院監督地方各級人民法院和專門人民法院的審判工作，上級人民法院監督下級人民法院的審判工作。

The Supreme People's Court supervises the administration of justice by the people's courts at various local levels and by the special people's courts. People's courts at higher levels supervise the administration of justice by those at lower levels.

第一百三十三條   最高人民法院對全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責。地方各級人民法院對產生它的國家權力機關負責。

Article 133 The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's courts at various levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them.

第一百三十四條   中華人民共和國人民檢察院是國家的法律監督機關。

Article 134 The people's procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are state organs for legal supervision.

第一百三十五條   中華人民共和國設立最高人民檢察院、地方各級人民檢察院和軍事檢察院等專門人民檢察院。

Article 135 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the people's procuratorates at various local levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates.

最高人民檢察院檢察長每屆任期同全國人民代表大會每屆任期相同，連續任職不得超過兩屆。

The term of office of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate is the same as that of the National People 's Congress; the Procurator-General shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

人民檢察院的組織由法律規定。

The organization of the people's procuratorates is dictated by law.

第一百三十六條   人民檢察院依照法律規定獨立行使檢察權，不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的幹涉。

Article 136 People's procuratorates exercise their procuratorial power independently, in accordance with the provisions of law, and are not subject to interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual.

第一百三十七條   最高人民檢察院是最高檢察機關。

Article 137 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.

最高人民檢察院領導地方各級人民檢察院和專門人民檢察院的工作，上級人民檢察院領導下級人民檢察院的工作。

The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the work of the people's procuratorates at various local levels and of the special people's procuratorates. People's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels.

第一百三十八條   最高人民檢察院對全國人民代表大會和全國人民代表大會常務委員會負責。地方各級人民檢察院對產生它的國家權力機關和上級人民檢察院負責。

Article 138 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. People's procuratorates at various local levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them and to the people's procuratorates at higher levels.

第一百三十九條   各民族公民都有用本民族語言文字進行訴訟的權利。人民法院和人民檢察院對於不通曉當地通用的語言文字的訴訟參與人，應當為他們翻譯。

Article 139 Citizens of all nationalities shall have the right to use their native spoken and written languages in court proceedings. The people's courts and people's procuratorates should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used in the locality.

在少數民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地區，應當用當地通用的語言進行審理；起訴書、判決書、布告和其他文書應當根據實際需要使用當地通用的一種或者幾種文字。

In an area where people of a minority nationality live in a concentrated community or where a number of nationalities live together, court hearings should be conducted in the language or languages commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents should be written, according to actual needs, in the language or languages commonly used in the locality.

第一百四十條   人民法院、人民檢察院和公安機關辦理刑事案件，應當分工負責，互相配合，互相制約，以保證準確有效地執行法律。

Article 140 The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall coordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of law.

第四章 國旗、國歌、國徽、首都

Chapter 4 The National Flag, the National Anthem, the National Emblem and the Capital

第一百四十一條   中華人民共和國國旗是五星紅旗。

Article 141 The National Flag of the People's Republic of China shall be a red flag with five stars.

中華人民共和國國歌是《義勇軍進行曲》。

The national anthem of the People's Republic of China is "March of the Volunteers".

第一百四十二條   中華人民共和國國徽，中間是五星照耀下的天安門，周圍是穀穗和齒輪。

Article 142 The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China is a picture of Tian'anmen in the centre illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel.

第一百四十三條   中華人民共和國首都是北京。

Article 143 The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.